Who hosted the victory parade in. History of Victory Parades on Red Square. Dossier
Every year, on May 9, millions of Russians watch the Victory Parade with tears of joy. This day became a national holiday almost seventy years ago. Finally, the act of surrender of German troops was signed on May 8, 1945. On the morning of May 9, fireworks sounded in Moscow. Thirty salvoes from one hundred guns marked the great Victory. On May 24, he announced the decision to hold the Victory Parade on Red Square, the main square of the country.
Combined regiments from all fronts, representatives of all branches of the Armed Forces, Knights Heroes of the Soviet Union, participants in the storming of Berlin, distinguished soldiers and officers were to participate. However, it was not easy to become one of the chosen ones, those who will march in formation across the main square of the country. For this, it was not enough to “simply” distinguish himself in battles; it was necessary to have the appropriate appearance. Parade participants had to be no older than 30 years old and no shorter than 176 centimeters. A dress uniform was sewn for them - after all, during the hostilities no one thought about it, no one kept it. Time to prepare is a month. J.V. Stalin set the date - June 24. And on June 23, G.K. Zhukov himself strictly took the “exam” from the future participants, who trained every day for several hours. Not everyone passed the test successfully. The heroes who hoisted the Victory Banner over the Reichstag on May 1, 1945, also failed to do this. Three warriors were not strong enough in drill training. And the marshal did not want anyone else to carry this symbol. Therefore, it did not participate in the Parade, and after it it was given to the Central Armed Forces Museum for storage.
G.K. Zhukov took not only the “exam” of the participants, but also the 1945 Victory Parade itself instead of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief I.V. Stalin. And Marshal K.K. Rokossovsky commanded him. The two of them rode on white and black horses along Red Square. By the way, it was not so easy for Zhukov to pick up a horse. The Snow-White Idol was not new to such matters. He took part in the parade on November 7, 1941. But it so happened that the rehearsal for the Victory Parade did not bypass him either. He was taught to stop at the right moment, accustomed to tanks, gun salvos, and shouts, so that at the crucial moment he would not be afraid. The idol did not disappoint.
At ten in the morning on June 24, 1945, a magnificent horse passed through the gates of the Spasskaya Tower with the famous commander on his back. And G.K. Zhukov thereby violated two unbreakable traditions at once: he rode on horseback and even wearing a headdress through the main gates of the Kremlin.
On this day, the weather was not kind, it was pouring rain, so the aerial performances and demonstration of civilians had to be cancelled. But all this could not overshadow the solemnity of the moment and the joy of all those gathered in the square. The Victory Parade took place. The combined regiments marched along Red Square, the combined orchestra played a special march for each of them, 200 enemy banners were thrown onto a special pedestal near the Mausoleum as a sign of victory over and the heroic sapper dog Dzhulbars, on Stalin’s personal order, was carried on his jacket.
Now the Victory Parade is held every year in every city as a tribute to the memory of fallen heroes and as a sign of respect for the survivors, as gratitude to those who fought for their country.
On June 24, 1945, the legendary first Victory Parade took place in Moscow. On that rainy day on Red Square, the capital honored the winners of fascism. The parade was commanded by Marshal of the Soviet Union K.K. Rokossovsky, and hosted by Marshal G.K. Zhukov.
In theory, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief was to take over the parade on a white horse, i.e. I.V. Stalin, but as the leader’s son, Vasily, later told Zhukov, Stalin supposedly was supposed to host the parade himself, but while training, fell from his horse and, citing the fact that he was “already too old to host parades,” entrusted this matter to Zhukov.
An interesting detail: marching along Red Square, our troops turned their heads towards the trumpet of the Mausoleum, greeting and saluting the Politburo, and when passing by representatives of the Allies (who had delayed the opening of the second front for so long), no matter how demonstratively they did this, keeping their heads straight.
~40,000 people were involved in the first Victory Parade. According to the recollections of the participants, the main task of the marchers was not to lose their stride and to keep in line. To do this, those walking nearby clasped their little fingers with each other, which made it possible to walk more harmoniously.
It is also curious that the gloves of the standard bearers, who threw 200 captured German banners onto special platforms at the Mausoleum (Hitler’s personal standard was thrown first), were burned after the Parade, as were the platforms themselves. This is disinfection from the fascist infection.
It is not clear why, having held such a grandiose parade in 1945, Stalin no longer organized similar celebrations on either June 24 or May 9. It was only in 1965 that Victory Day became an official holiday in our country and parades began to be held regularly on May 9.
The first Victory Parade was filmed by numerous photographers and was also filmed, incl. and on color trophy film (video links are also attached).
ORDER OF THE SUPREME COMMANDER-CHIEF
“In commemoration of the victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War, I appoint a parade of troops of the active Army, Navy and Moscow garrison on June 24, 1945 in Moscow on Red Square - the Victory Parade.
Bring to the parade: consolidated regiments of the fronts, consolidated regiment of the People's Commissariat of Defense, consolidated regiment of the Navy, military academies, military schools and troops of the Moscow garrison.
The Victory Parade will be hosted by my Deputy Marshal of the Soviet Union Zhukov. Marshal of the Soviet Union Rokossovsky will command the victory parade. I entrust general leadership for organizing the parade to the commander of the Moscow Military District and the head of the garrison of the city of Moscow, Colonel General Artemyev."
Supreme Commander
Marshal of the Soviet Union
I. Stalin
June 22, 1945. N 370
Marshals Zhukov and Rokossovsky on horseback. Manezhnaya Square
(on the left is Zholtovsky’s house, where the American Embassy was, in the background is the National Hotel):
Georgy Zhukov listens to the report of Konstantin Rokossovsky:
These guys won the war
(probably not even 20):
And their "fathers-commanders"
Tankers at the Victory Parade:
Sailors at the Victory Parade:
Kuban Cossacks at the Victory Parade:
Artillerymen and their guns at the National Hotel are preparing to enter Red Square
(on the site of the house to the right of the hotel, the now broken Intourist will later be built):
Memoirs of an old Muscovite who took part in the first Victory Parade:
“The day of June 24, 1945, when the Victory Parade took place, unfortunately turned out to be cloudy, it has been raining since morning. On Red Square, occupied by the consolidated regiments, we were positioned next to the Execution Ground, on which for some reason a fountain was built. It worked and made a lot of noise, the jets rose up to twenty meters, and this, together with the rain, created the impression that streams of water were falling on you. However, it was difficult to cool our excited mood!
Was published yesterday order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief on the Victory Parade, and we finally officially learned that G.K. will host the parade. Zhukov, and commanded by K.K. Rokossovsky. Many of us thought that Stalin might be the host. I also admitted this idea, but it was not entirely clear what he would look like on a horse. This parade has been described many times and formally, so for me its everyday details, perceived from the point of view of an ordinary participant, are of intrinsic value; they make this event mine.
The consolidated shelves stood on the square in relation to the Mausoleum in two rows: the 1st row corresponded to the northern half of the former Soviet-German front, the second - to the south. Our combined Navy regiment stood behind the regiment of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, that is, in the second row (behind us was already a company carrying enemy banners and battle relics). So we could see the back of the first row. I was delighted by the magnificent spontaneity of the front-line soldiers: hidden from the eyes of their superiors, some of them managed to quietly smoke in their fists, and one, apparently tired of standing, even took off his helmet and, placing it on the pavement, sat down. From the cadet's point of view, such liberties were impossible.
Until the “ceremonial march” began, I kept glancing at the German banners and especially at Hitler's personal standard. We saw these priceless trophies for the first time, and their spectacle was amazing. It was impossible to take your eyes off the dazzling whiteness of the silk of the flag banners touching the wet, almost black paving stones of Red Square. The white color on the banners was an unexpected dominant feature. I thought that red and black should prevail, as on the former state flag of Hitler's Third Empire.
After Zhukov’s speech, the performance of the anthem and the roar of artillery salute the passage of troops began. I really wanted to get a better look at Stalin. With greedy interest, as we passed by the Mausoleum, I stared at his face for several seconds. It was thoughtful, calm, tired and stern. And motionless. The pockmarks on the cheeks were very clearly visible. No one stood close to Stalin; there was some kind of space, a sphere, an exclusion zone around him. And this despite the fact that there were a lot of people at the Mausoleum. He stood alone. I looked at him for these few seconds, turning my head to the right in alignment, raising my chin and touching my neighbor in the line with my elbow so that the line would in no case lose its ideal straightness. I didn’t experience any special feelings other than curiosity. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief was unattainable.
As soon as our regiment passed the Mausoleum, the orchestra fell silent, and a thunderous crash of drums was heard over the quiet square. The culmination of the parade came: the banners of defeated Germany were thrown onto the wooden platforms at the foot of the Mausoleum, to its stands, and to Stalin.
Radio report from the Victory Parade led by well-known writers, poets and journalists: Sun. Ivanov, A. Tvardovsky, L. Kassil and several more people. The passage of our regiment was commented on by the author of "Optimistic Tragedy" and the film script "We are from Kronstadt" Vs.Vit.Vishnevsky. Of course, during the march, fragments of phrases from the speakers reached my ears, but my attention was not focused on them. The text of that comment was later published. It contains these words:
“A battalion of naval school cadets is coming - future officers of the USSR Large Fleet, those who will lead ships into the open ocean, those who will show the USSR flag in the waters and ports of the whole world. Greetings to you, who shed blood in the battles for Russia!”
From Red Square I left inspired. The world was arranged correctly: we won. I felt like a part of the victorious people, and what could be sweeter than the feeling of fulfilled duty!
We were soaked to the skin: having taken off the flannel, I saw with some sadness that the new snow-white uniform underneath was covered in purple stains on the shoulders and chest, but the vest was fine, just wet. At lunch we received a festive "one hundred grams", and then we received parcels from American Christian Baptists. Of course, this was pleasant, despite the fact that the boxes had previously been opened (they said that either special officers or political officers confiscated the Bibles).
The parcels contained: a pack of Old Gold cigarettes, Pearl soap, candy, a chocolate bar, granulated sugar, a small towel and some other small items. It made us all laugh that many of the packages contained knitting needles and white gloves. This somehow resonated with my idea of the allies: well, which of us will knit during the war, we must fight! They don't quite understand what war is. And white gloves, not our cut, were of no use: they may be comfortable to play golf in, but we have nowhere to put them (we wear white thread gloves to the parade, but these American ones have a completely different cut and shade). So, most of all, I was happy with the cigarettes, and my mother, as I noticed when I got home, was happy with the granulated sugar, although she and Nonna said that they weren’t interested in the package at all, what was important was that I was home, at least for a little while.
The next day, a parade was organized for the parade participants. the reception at which Stalin made his famous toast about the patience of the Russian people. Naturally, the authorities were invited to the reception, and even then not all of them, and by order of the People's Commissar of the Navy, we were thanked, which, frankly speaking, is very dear to me.
There were two receptions in honor of the Victory: May 24 and June 25, 1945, both of them took place in the St. George Hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace. Stalin made his famous toast about the patience of the Russian people at the first one.
It was written incredibly quickly a huge painting dedicated to this significant reception, I saw her in the Tretyakov Gallery later, in September or November. If my memory serves me correctly, it was called “For the Russian People!” At a huge table in the St. George's Hall of the Kremlin, Stalin, Molotov, Beria, Zhukov, all the marshals, members of the Politburo and Council of People's Commissars, commanders of fronts and fleets, and in general all the celebrities of that time are depicted with photographic precision. Some kind of hard bluish radiation emanated from the painting. There were no people in the painting... It’s a pity that this painting is not on display; it managed to retain the hypnotic charm of that year.
After the second reception, on June 26, 1945, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the military rank of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union was introduced, and on June 27, 1945, this title was awarded to Stalin.
The painting occupied the entire hall. The visitors spoke only in whispers and moved around the hall almost on tiptoe: the picture was overwhelming. A whole range of thoughts were born - from admiration for the splendor of the victory, to... to “to whom is war, and to whom is a mother.” It was this picture that involuntarily and gradually led me ultimately to the idea that for Stalin it, the war, was “native mother.” But this understanding came much later."
The Victory Parade in Moscow on Red Square on June 24, 1945 is a historical parade commemorating the victory of the USSR over Nazi Germany in the Great Patriotic War. The parade was hosted by Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov. The parade was commanded by Marshal of the Soviet Union Konstantin Rokossovsky.
The decision to hold a parade of winners was made by Joseph Stalin shortly after Victory Day. On May 24, 1945, he was informed of the General Staff's proposals for holding the Victory Parade. He accepted them, but did not agree with the timing. The General Staff allocated two months to prepare the parade; Stalin ordered the parade to be held in a month.
On June 22, 1945, the order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Joseph Stalin No. 370 was published in the central Soviet newspapers: “In commemoration of the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War, I appoint a parade of troops of the active army, the Navy and the Moscow garrison on June 24, 1945 in Moscow on Red Square - Victory parade".
At the end of May - beginning of June, intensive preparations for the parade took place in Moscow. Horses were selected in advance for the host of the parade and the commander of the parade: for Marshal Georgy Zhukov - a white light-gray color of the Terek breed, nicknamed "Idol", for Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky - a black Cracian color named "Polyus".
To produce ten standards, under which the combined front regiments were to parade, they turned to specialists from the Bolshoi Theater art and production workshops for help. Also, in the workshops of the Bolshoi Theater, hundreds of order ribbons were made, crowning the poles of 360 military banners. Each banner represented a military unit or formation that had distinguished itself in battle, and each of the ribbons commemorated a collective feat, marked by a military order. Most of the banners were guards.
On the tenth day of June, the entire parade participants were dressed in new dress uniforms and began pre-holiday training. The rehearsal of the infantry units took place on Khodynskoye Field, in the area of the Central Airfield; on the Garden Ring, from the Crimean Bridge to Smolensk Square, a review of artillery units took place; motorized and armored vehicles conducted inspection and training at the training ground in Kuzminki.
To participate in the celebration, consolidated regiments from each front operating at the end of the war were formed and trained, which were to be led by front commanders. It was decided to bring the Red Banner hoisted over the Reichstag from Berlin. The formation of the parade was determined in the order of the general line of the active fronts - from right to left. For each combined regiment, military marches were specially designated, which they especially loved.
The penultimate rehearsal of the Victory Parade took place at the Central Aerodrome, and the general rehearsal took place on Red Square.
The morning of June 24, 1945 was cloudy and rainy. By 9 o'clock, the granite stands at the Kremlin wall were filled with deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the RSFSR, workers of the People's Commissariats, cultural figures, participants in the anniversary session of the USSR Academy of Sciences, workers of Moscow factories and factories, hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church, foreign diplomats and numerous foreign guests. At 9.45, members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party, headed by Joseph Stalin, went up to the Mausoleum.
The first Victory Parade on Red Square in Moscow took place 68 years ago, on June 24, 1945. Watch the archived video of how the historical parade of victorious soldiers took place in the Great Patriotic War.The commander of the parade, Konstantin Rokossovsky, took a place to move towards the host of the parade, Georgy Zhukov. At 10.00, with the striking of the Kremlin chimes, Georgy Zhukov rode out to Red Square on a white horse.
After the announcement of the command "Parade, attention!" A roar of applause echoed across the square. Then the combined military orchestra of 1,400 musicians under the direction of Major General Sergei Chernetsky performed the anthem “Hail, Russian people!” Mikhail Glinka. After this, the commander of the parade, Rokossovsky, gave a report on readiness for the start of the parade. The marshals toured the troops, returned to the Mausoleum of V.I. Lenin, and Zhukov, rising to the podium, on behalf of and on behalf of the Soviet government and the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, congratulated “the valiant Soviet soldiers and all the people on the Great Victory over Nazi Germany.” The anthem of the Soviet Union sounded, 50 volleys of artillery salute rang out, three times “Hurray!” rang out over the square, and the solemn march of the troops began.
The combined regiments of the fronts, the People's Commissariat of Defense and the Navy, military academies, schools and units of the Moscow garrison took part in the Victory Parade. The combined regiments were staffed by privates, sergeants and officers of various branches of the military who had distinguished themselves in battle and had military orders. Following the regiments of the fronts and the Navy, a combined column of Soviet soldiers entered Red Square, carrying 200 banners of the Nazi troops, defeated on the battlefields, lowered to the ground. These banners were thrown to the foot of the Mausoleum to the beat of drums as a sign of the crushing defeat of the aggressor. Then units of the Moscow garrison marched in a solemn march: a combined regiment of the People's Commissariat of Defense, a military academy, military and Suvorov schools, a combined cavalry brigade, artillery, mechanized, airborne and tank units and subunits. The parade ended on Red Square with the march of the combined orchestra.
The parade lasted 2 hours (122 minutes) in pouring rain. It was attended by 24 marshals, 249 generals, 2,536 other officers, 31,116 sergeants and soldiers.
At 11 p.m., out of 100 balloons raised by anti-aircraft gunners, 20 thousand missiles flew in volleys. The culmination of the holiday was a banner with the image of the Order of Victory, which appeared high in the sky in the beams of searchlights.
The next day, June 25, a reception was held in the Grand Kremlin Palace in honor of the participants of the Victory Parade. After the grand celebration in Moscow, at the proposal of the Soviet government and the High Command, a small Parade of Allied Forces took place in Berlin in September 1945, in which Soviet, American, British and French troops took part.
On May 9, 1995, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, an anniversary parade of war participants and wartime home front workers with units of the Moscow garrison was held in Moscow on Red Square, which, according to its organizers, reproduced the historical Victory Parade of 1945 of the year. It was commanded by Army General Vladislav Govorov and received by Marshal of the Soviet Union Viktor Kulikov. 4,939 war veterans and home front workers during the war years took part in the parade.
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources
, Kalinin, Voroshilov and other members of the Politburo. On behalf of and on behalf of the Soviet government and the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, G. K. Zhukov congratulated the valiant Soviet soldiers “on the Great Victory over German imperialism.”
Contrary to popular belief, there was no Victory Banner on Red Square during the Victory Parade. The first to cross the area was the combined regiment of Suvorov drummers, followed by the combined regiments of the fronts (in the order of their location in the theater of military operations - from north to south): Karelian, Leningrad, 1st Baltic, 3rd, 2nd and 1st 1st Belarusian, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Ukrainian, combined regiment of the Navy. As part of the regiment of the 1st Belorussian Front, representatives of the Polish Army marched in a special column. In front of the combined regiments of the fronts were the commanders of the fronts and armies, the Heroes of the Soviet Union carried the banners of the famous units and formations. For each combined regiment, the orchestra performed a special march.
The consolidated regiments were staffed by privates, sergeants and officers (in each regiment, including the command staff, over a thousand people) of various branches of the military, who had distinguished themselves in battle and had military orders. The flag bearers and assistants carried 36 battle banners of the most distinguished formations and units of each front in battle. The combined Navy regiment (regiment commander Vice Admiral Fadeev) consisted of representatives of the Northern, Baltic and Black Sea fleets, the Dnieper and Danube flotillas. A combined military band of 1,400 people also took part in the parade.
The march of the combined regiments was completed by a column of soldiers carrying 200 lowered banners and standards of the defeated German troops. These banners were thrown to the beat of drums on a special platform at the foot of the Lenin Mausoleum. The first to be abandoned by Fyodor Legkoshkur was the Leibstandarte LSSAH - the SS battalion of Hitler's personal guard.
Then units of the Moscow garrison marched in a solemn march: a combined regiment of the People's Commissariat of Defense, a military academy, military and Suvorov schools, a combined cavalry brigade, artillery, mechanized, airborne and tank units and subunits.
Units from seven more fronts of the USSR Armed Forces operating as of May 9, 1945 (Transcaucasian Front, Far Eastern Front, Transbaikal Front, Western Air Defense Front, Central Air Defense Front, Southwestern Air Defense Front, Transcaucasian Air Defense Front) were not involved in the parade. But two combined regiments from two fronts disbanded before the end of the Great Patriotic War took part in the Victory Parade (combined regiments of the Karelian and First Baltic Fronts)
Organizing the parade
General leadership for organizing the Victory Parade was entrusted to the commander of the Moscow Military District and the head of the Moscow garrison, Colonel General P. A. Artemyev.
One of the main organizers of the parade was the Chief of the Main Operations Directorate of the General Staff, Colonel General S. M. Shtemenko and the Chief of the General Staff, Army General A. I. Antonov.
List of unit commanders at the Victory Parade
| Part name | Military rank of unit commander | FULL NAME. unit commander |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Belarusian Regiment | lieutenant general | Rosly, Ivan Pavlovich |
| 1st Ukrainian Regiment | major general | Baklanov, Gleb Vladimirovich |
| 2nd Belarusian Regiment | lieutenant general | Erastov, Konstantin Maksimovich |
| Leningrad Regiment | major general | Stuchenko, Andrey Trofimovich |
| 2nd Ukrainian Regiment | lieutenant general | Afonin, Ivan Mikhailovich |
| 3rd Ukrainian Regiment | lieutenant general | Biryukov, Nikolai Ivanovich |
| 3rd Belarusian Regiment | lieutenant general | Koshevoy, Pyotr Kirillovich |
| Baltic Regiment | lieutenant general | Lopatin, Anton Ivanovich |
| Karelian Regiment | major general | Kalinovsky, Grigory Evstafievich |
| 4th Ukrainian Regiment | lieutenant general | Bondarev, Andrey Leontievich |
| Consolidated Regiment of the NKVMF | vice admiral | Fadeev, Vladimir Georgievich |
| Regiment of the People's Commissariat of Defense | lieutenant general | Tarasov, Alexey Alexandrovich |
| Red Banner Order of Lenin and Order of Suvorov 1st degree Military Academy named after. M.V. Frunze | Colonel General | Chibisov, Nikandr Evlampievich |
| Artillery Order of Lenin Academy named after. F.E. Dzerzhinsky | Colonel General | Khokhlov, Vasily Isidorovich |
| Military Order of Lenin Academy BT and MB KA named after. I.V. Stalin | lieutenant general | Kovalev, Grigory Nikolaevich |
| Military Academy of Command and Navigation Staff of the Air Force KA (Monino) | Lieutenant General of Aviation | Ionov, Petr Pavlovich |
| Air Force Order of Lenin Academy named after. NOT. Zhukovsky | Lieutenant General of Aviation | Sokolov-Sokolenok, Nikolai Alexandrovich |
| Higher all-army military-political courses GLAVPUR KA | major general | Kovalevsky, Alexey Ivanovich |
| Red Banner Higher Intelligence School of the General Staff and RK UKS | major general | Kochetkov, Mikhail Andreevich |
| Red Banner Military Engineering Academy named after. V.V. Kuibysheva | major general | Olivetsky, Boris Alexandrovich |
| Military Academy of Chemical Defense named after. K.E. Voroshilova | major general | Petukhov, Dmitry Efimovich |
| Advanced training courses for officers of the Airborne Forces. | major general | Russian, Mikhail Yakovlevich |
| Military Institute of Foreign Languages | lieutenant general | Biyazi, Nikolai Nikolaevich |
| 1st Guards Order of the Red Star Mortar and Artillery School named after. K.E. Krasina | Major General of Artillery | Vovchenko, Maxim Lavrentievich |
| Moscow Red Banner Infantry School named after. Supreme Council of the RSFSR | major general | Fesin, Ivan Ivanovich |
| 1st Moscow Red Banner Order of Lenin Aviation School of Communications Air Force KA | Major General of Aviation | Vasilkevich, Viktor Eduardovich |
| Moscow Twice Red Banner Military-Political School named after. IN AND. Lenin | major general | Ustyantsev, Andrey Fedorovich |
| Moscow Red Banner Military Engineering School KA | Major General of the Engineering Troops | Ermolaev, Pavel Alexandrovich |
| Kalinin Military School of Technical Troops of the Spacecraft | Major General of Technical Troops | Melnikov, Pyotr Gerasimovich |
| Moscow Military Technical School of the NKVD named after. V.R. Menzhinsky | Major General of the Engineering and Artillery Service | Goryainov, Makar Fedorovich |
| Kremlin Regiment | Colonel | Evmenchikov, Timofey Filippovich |
| 1st Motorized Rifle Division of the NKVD Troops | major general | Piyashev, Ivan Ivanovich |
| 2nd Motorized Rifle Division of the NKVD Troops | major general | Lukashev, Vasily Vasilievich |
| Suvorov School | major general | Eremin, Pyotr Antonovich |
| Central Military Technical School of Trainers | major general | Medvedev, Grigory Panteleimonovich |
| Combined Cavalry Regiment | lieutenant general | Kirichenko, Nikolai Yakovlevich |
| Kavpolk NKVD | Colonel | Vasiliev, Alexey Fedorovich |
| Artillery of the Moscow Military District | lieutenant general | Ryabov Nikolay Fedorovich |
| Air defense units 1 | lieutenant general | Olenin, Ivan Alekseevich |
| Air defense units 2 | Major General of Artillery | Girshevich, Mikhail Grigorievich |
| 1st Machine Gun Air Defense Division | Colonel | Leskov, Fedor Filippovich |
| 89th MZA Division | lieutenant colonel | Ioilev, Fedor Fedorovich |
| 91st MZA Division | Colonel | Basin, Boris Grigorievich |
| 1st Guard. anti-aircraft division | Guard Major General of Artillery | Kiknadze, Mikhail Gerontievich |
| 54th anti-aircraft art. division | Colonel | Valuev, Pyotr Andreevich |
| 2nd Searchlight Division | Colonel | Chernavsky, Alexander Mikhailovich |
| HMC parts | Colonel | Matygin, Dmitry Evdokimovich |
| 97th Mortar Regiment GMCH | Colonel | Mityushev, Nikolai Vasilievich |
| 40th Guards mortar brigade GMCH | Colonel | Chumak, Mark Markovich |
| 636th anti-tank artillery artillery. regiment | lieutenant colonel | Silantiev, Kuzma Andreevich |
| Artregiment 1st Motorized Rifle Division | lieutenant colonel | Bogachevsky, Stepan Stepanovich |
| 46th Mortar Regiment | lieutenant colonel | Egorov, Ivan Fedorovich |
| 64th Mortar Regiment | major | Batagov, Sultanbek Kazbekovich |
| 54th Extermination. anti-tank art. brigade | Colonel | Titenko, Mikhail Stepanovich |
| Artregiment 2nd Motorized Rifle Division | Colonel | Velikanov, Pyotr Sergeevich |
| 989th Gaub. artillery regiment | major | Golubev, Fedor Stepanovich |
| Artregiment 3 LAU | lieutenant colonel | Yakimov, Alexey Filippovich |
| Artregiment RAU | lieutenant colonel | Vovk-Kurilekh, Ivan Pavlovich |
| BM Artillery Brigade | Colonel | Bachmanov, Vladimir Matveevich |
| Artillery Brigade OM | lieutenant colonel | Andreev, Alexander Vladimirovich |
| Armored and mechanized troops of the Moscow Military District | Major General of Tank Forces | Kotov, Pyotr Vasilievich |
| Motorcycle battalion M-72 | lieutenant colonel | Nedelko, Andrey Alekseevich |
| Battalion of armored vehicles BA-64 | lieutenant colonel | Kapustin, Alexander Stepanovich |
| Motorized infantry regiment | guard colonel | Stepanov, Ivan Yakovlevich |
| Airborne Battalion | Colonel | Yurchenko, Nikolai Egorovich |
| Regiment SU-76 | lieutenant colonel | Landyr, Pavel Demidovich |
| Brigade of TO-34 tanks | lieutenant colonel | Burmistrov, Nikolai Pavlovich |
| Regiment SU-100 | lieutenant colonel | Sivov, Ivan Dmitrievich |
| Regiment IS | Colonel | Matochkin, Nikolai Vasilievich |
| Regiment ISU-122 | lieutenant colonel | Zaitsev, Fedor Afanasyevich |
| Regiment ISU-152 | guard colonel | Prilukov, Boris Ilyich |
| Combined orchestra of the Moscow garrison | major general | Chernetsky, Semyon Alexandrovich |
Data
| This section is an unordered list of various facts about the subject of the article. Please bring the information into an encyclopedic form and distribute it to the appropriate sections of the article. According to the decision of the Wikipedia Arbitration Committee, lists are preferably based on secondary summaries containing criteria for inclusion of elements in the list. |
- The decision to hold the Victory Parade was made by Stalin in mid-May 1945 (May 24, 1945), almost immediately after the defeat of the last group of German troops that did not surrender on May 13.
- The total number of troops at the parade was about 40,000.
- An order for sewing dress uniforms for participants in the Victory Parade on Red Square was placed at the Moscow factory "Bolshevichka".
- Zhukov's horse was the Idol of the Terek breed, light gray in color. There is a version that Marshal Zhukov’s horse was an Akhal-Teke breed, light gray in color, named Arab. However, this version has not been confirmed. Rokossovsky's horse is a purebred karak riding horse, nickname is Polyus.
- Marshal Zhukov, who hosted the parade, was accompanied by Major General P. P. Zelensky on a white horse named Celebes. Marshal Rokossovsky, who commanded the parade, was accompanied by his adjutant, Lieutenant Colonel Klykov, on a horse named Eaglet.
- G. K. Zhukov immediately violated two ancient traditions, which prohibit traveling on horseback and with a covered head through the gates of the Kremlin’s Spasskaya Tower.
- It was pouring rain during the Victory Parade, which is clearly visible on the newsreel. Many participants in the Victory Parade remember that rain.
- Due to heavy rain, the aerial part of the parade and the passage of columns of workers in the capital were canceled.
- The Victory Parade was hosted not by the Supreme Commander-in-Chief (Stalin), but by his deputy (Zhukov). S. M. Shtemenko, who was responsible for preparing the parade, argued that Zhukov should have hosted the parade initially. A number of sources claim that Stalin did not accept the parade due to the fact that he did not have sufficient horse riding skills. In the memoirs of Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov, “Memories and Reflections,” according to Stalin’s son, Vasily, it is stated that just before the parade, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief tried to learn how to handle a horse, but it carried him, and Stalin fell. This episode is missing from the first editions of the book; Viktor Suvorov believes that it was falsified.
- The lowering of German flags was deliberately carried out with gloves on to emphasize disgust at the defeated enemy. After the parade, the gloves and wooden platform were ceremonially burned.
- Enemy banners and standards thrown onto the platform at the Mausoleum were collected by captured Smersh teams in May 1945. All of them are of the outdated 1935 model (new ones were not manufactured until the end of the war; the Germans never went into battle under the banner), taken from regimental storage areas and training camps. The dismantled Leibstandart LSSAH is also an old model - 1935 (the panel from it is stored separately in the FSB archive). In addition, among the banners there are almost two dozen Kaiser banners, mostly cavalry ones, as well as flags of the NSDAP party, Hitler Youth, Labor Front, etc. All of them are now stored in the Central Military Museum.
- At the 1990 parade in honor of the 45th anniversary of the victory, during the performance of “Glory” by the orchestra (when the Minister of Defense hosting the parade goes to the podium to report the readiness of the parade to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief), for the first time in the history of USSR parades, the bell ringing “Blagovest” was performed from the Ivan the Great Bell Tower. (Even despite the fact that mourning continued in the Russian Orthodox Church for Patriarch Pimen, who died on May 3). In the period from 1995 to 2005, this tradition was repeated, with the difference that the bell ringing was performed from a portable bell tower near the government podium. In recent years, “Glory” has been performed without bell accompaniment.
- By personal order of I.V. Stalin, a service dog-sapper Dzhulbars was carried on his jacket, who discovered more than 7 thousand mines and 150 shells, wounded shortly before the end of the war.
- The only foreign general who was awarded the right to lead, together with Soviet generals, a column of the combined regiment of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, was the commander of the 1st Bulgarian Army, Lieutenant General Vladimir Stoychev. In the city he received both highest military orders of the USSR - Suvorov 1st class. and Kutuzov 1st Art.
- The combined orchestra ended the parade with the march of Semyon Chernetsky “Glory to the Motherland.”
Modern Victory Parade
20 years after Victory Day, the parade took place in 1965. The first parade after a long break was held in 1985 in honor of the 40th anniversary of the Great Victory. On this day, the Victory Banner was carried across Red Square for the first time. After 5 years, the parade was again held on Red Square. In 1995, a parade of veterans of the Great Patriotic War took place on Red Square, and a military parade took place on Poklonnaya Hill. In 1996, the Lenin Mausoleum was last used as a grandstand, and since 1997, a special grandstand has been built near the Mausoleum during the parade. After the anniversary celebrations in honor of the 50th anniversary of the Victory, the parade is held annually. Until 2008, the parade was held without the participation of military equipment due to repair work on Red Square. Since 2008, military equipment has again participated in the parade. At the beginning of the parade on May 9 at 10 a.m., the Victory Banner is brought in. At the same time, the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, hosting the parade, leaves the gates of the Spasskaya Tower. The parade commander comes to meet him and reports to the Minister on the readiness of the troops. Then the detour of the troops of the Moscow garrison begins. After a tour of the troops, just as in the parade on June 24, 1945, the melody “Glory” sounds (except in 2010, since “Glory” was heard at the end of the parade as the orchestra came out), then the President of the Russian Federation, who is also Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Then the National Anthem of the Russian Federation is performed to the thunder of artillery salutes. After the anthem is played, the troops begin marching through Red Square. Then military equipment enters the square. The culmination of the parade is its aerial part, in which many military aircraft and helicopters participate. In the finale, aviation equipment paints the sky over Red Square in the colors of the State Flag of the Russian Federation. The parade is broadcast on Channel One, as well as on Russia-1, TVC, Moscow-24 and Russia-24 channels.
Memory
In philately
Stamp of USSR 1027.jpg
USSR postage stamp,
1946, 60 kopecks.
Stamp of USSR 1028.jpg
USSR postage stamp,
1946, 2 rubles.
In art
- "Victory Parade" - documentary film filmed in 1945
Street
In Kazakhstan, in the city of Almaty, near Abay Avenue there is a street on June 24, named after the First Victory Parade.
see also
Write a review about the article "Victory Parade"
Notes
Literature
- Order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Armed Forces No. 370, June 22, 1945.
Books
- One Hundred Military Parades / Ed. Regiment General K. S. Grushevoy.. - M.: Voenizdat, 1974. - 264, p. - 50,000 copies.(in lane, superreg.)
- . - Tver: JSC “Khleb”, 2005.
- Varennikov V. Victory parade. - Moscow: Vagrius.
- Military parades on Red Square / Ed. V. M. Arkhipova, I. P. Repina. 3rd ed. M., 1987. - M.: Voenizdat, 1987. - 255 p.
- Drozdov G. Parade of winners: reports on parades on Red Square in Moscow: photo album / G. Drozdov, E. Ryabko; under general ed. V. I. Petrova. - M., 1985. - 287 p.: ill.
- Parade of winners, 1945-1985: collection / comp. A. D. Davydov. - Dnepropetrovsk, 1985. - 110 p.
- Victory Parade // The Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945: encyclopedia for schoolchildren / comp. I. Damascene, P. Koshel; entry Art. O. A. Rzheshevsky. - M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2000. - P. 384-392.
Articles
- Bernasconi E. From the trenches to the parade, to Red Square / Elena Bernasconi, Valery Dzhalagoniya: [military history. parades in Moscow in 1941 and 1945] // Echo of the Planet. - 2005. - June 24-30 (No. 26). - pp. 34-37.
- Koloskova E. / Elena Koloskova // Motherland. - 2015. - No. 6 (June). - P. 50-52. (Historic Victory Parade on Red Square on June 24, 1945)
- Kulakov V.// Parliamentary newspaper: newspaper. - 2010. - May 14 (No. 24).
- Moroz V.// Red Star: newspaper. - 2010. - June 24. - P. 1-2.
- // Homeland. - 2015. - No. 6 (June). - P. 36-43: photo. - 06/23/2015.
- Toporkov L. Envoys of the Polish Army. The only foreign participants in the Victory Parade. Who are they? // Izvestia: newspaper. - 1985. - No. 4 (21161) dated March 25. - P. 5.
- Shtemenko S. (Regiment General).// VIZH, 1968, No. 2.
Links
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Excerpt characterizing the Victory Parade
“From the governor,” Lavrushka said in a sleepy voice, “the courier has arrived, a letter for you.”- Well, okay, thank you, go!
Nikolai took two letters. One was from the mother, the other from Sonya. He recognized their handwriting and printed out Sonya's first letter. Before he had time to read a few lines, his face turned pale and his eyes opened in fear and joy.
- No, this cannot be! – he said out loud. Unable to sit still, he holds the letter in his hands, reading it. began to walk around the room. He ran through the letter, then read it once, twice, and, raising his shoulders and spreading his arms, he stopped in the middle of the room with his mouth open and eyes fixed. What he had just prayed for, with the confidence that God would grant his prayer, was fulfilled; but Nikolai was surprised by this as if it was something extraordinary, and as if he had never expected it, and as if the very fact that it happened so quickly proved that it did not happen from God, whom he asked, but from ordinary chance.
That seemingly insoluble knot that tied Rostov’s freedom was resolved by this unexpected (as it seemed to Nikolai), unprovoked by Sonya’s letter. She wrote that the latest unfortunate circumstances, the loss of almost all of the Rostovs’ property in Moscow, and the countess’s more than once expressed desires for Nikolai to marry Princess Bolkonskaya, and his silence and coldness lately - all this together made her decide to renounce him promises and give him complete freedom.
“It was too hard for me to think that I could be the cause of grief or discord in the family that had benefited me,” she wrote, “and my love has one goal: the happiness of those I love; and therefore I beg you, Nicolas, to consider yourself free and to know that no matter what, no one can love you more than your Sonya.”
Both letters were from Trinity. Another letter was from the Countess. This letter described the last days in Moscow, the departure, the fire and the destruction of the entire fortune. In this letter, by the way, the countess wrote that Prince Andrey was among the wounded traveling with them. His situation was very dangerous, but now the doctor says there is more hope. Sonya and Natasha, like nurses, look after him.
The next day, Nikolai went to Princess Marya with this letter. Neither Nikolai nor Princess Marya said a word about what the words could mean: “Natasha is caring for him”; but thanks to this letter, Nikolai suddenly became close to the princess into an almost family relationship.
The next day, Rostov accompanied Princess Marya to Yaroslavl and a few days later he himself left for the regiment.
Sonya's letter to Nicholas, which was the fulfillment of his prayer, was written from Trinity. This is what caused it. The thought of Nicholas marrying a rich bride occupied the old countess more and more. She knew that Sonya was the main obstacle to this. And Sonya’s life recently, especially after Nikolai’s letter describing his meeting in Bogucharovo with Princess Marya, became harder and harder in the countess’s house. The Countess did not miss a single opportunity to make an offensive or cruel hint to Sonya.
But a few days before leaving Moscow, touched and excited by everything that was happening, the Countess, calling Sonya to her, instead of reproaches and demands, turned to her with tears and prayed that she, by sacrificing herself, would repay for everything. what was done for her was to break her ties with Nikolai.
“I won’t be at peace until you give me this promise.”
Sonya burst into tears hysterically, answered through her sobs that she would do everything, that she was ready for anything, but she did not make a direct promise and in her soul could not decide on what was demanded of her. She had to sacrifice herself for the happiness of the family that fed and raised her. Sacrificing herself for the happiness of others was Sonya's habit. Her position in the house was such that only on the path of sacrifice could she show her virtues, and she was accustomed and loved to sacrifice herself. But first, in all acts of self-sacrifice, she joyfully realized that by sacrificing herself, she thereby raised her worth in the eyes of herself and others and became more worthy of Nicolas, whom she loved most in life; but now her sacrifice had to consist in giving up what for her constituted the entire reward of the sacrifice, the entire meaning of life. And for the first time in her life, she felt bitterness towards those people who had benefited her in order to torture her more painfully; I felt envy of Natasha, who had never experienced anything like this, never needed sacrifices and forced others to sacrifice herself and yet was loved by everyone. And for the first time, Sonya felt how, out of her quiet, pure love for Nicolas, a passionate feeling suddenly began to grow, which stood above rules, virtue, and religion; and under the influence of this feeling, Sonya involuntarily, learned by her dependent life of secrecy, answered the Countess in general, vague words, avoided conversations with her and decided to wait for a meeting with Nikolai so that in this meeting she would not free her, but, on the contrary, forever bind herself to him .
The troubles and horror of the last days of the Rostovs’ stay in Moscow drowned out the dark thoughts that were weighing on her. She was glad to find salvation from them in practical activities. But when she learned about the presence of Prince Andrei in their house, despite all the sincere pity that she felt for him and Natasha, a joyful and superstitious feeling that God did not want her to be separated from Nicolas overtook her. She knew that Natasha loved one Prince Andrei and did not stop loving him. She knew that now, brought together in such terrible conditions, they would love each other again and that then Nicholas, due to the kinship that would be between them, would not be able to marry Princess Marya. Despite all the horror of everything that happened in the last days and during the first days of the journey, this feeling, this awareness of the intervention of providence in her personal affairs pleased Sonya.
The Rostovs spent their first day on their trip at the Trinity Lavra.
In the Lavra hotel, the Rostovs were allocated three large rooms, one of which was occupied by Prince Andrei. The wounded man was much better that day. Natasha sat with him. In the next room the Count and Countess sat, respectfully talking with the rector, who had visited their old acquaintances and investors. Sonya was sitting right there, and she was tormented by curiosity about what Prince Andrei and Natasha were talking about. She listened to the sounds of their voices from behind the door. The door of Prince Andrei's room opened. Natasha came out from there with an excited face and, not noticing the monk who stood up to meet her and grabbed the wide sleeve of his right hand, walked up to Sonya and took her hand.
- Natasha, what are you doing? Come here,” said the Countess.
Natasha came under the blessing, and the abbot advised to turn to God and his saint for help.
Immediately after the abbot left, Nashata took her friend’s hand and walked with her into the empty room.
- Sonya, right? will he be alive? - she said. – Sonya, how happy I am and how unhappy I am! Sonya, my dear, everything is as before. If only he were alive. He can’t... because, because... that... - And Natasha burst into tears.
- So! I knew it! Thank God,” said Sonya. - He will be alive!
Sonya was no less excited than her friend - both by her fear and grief, and by her personal thoughts that were not expressed to anyone. She, sobbing, kissed and consoled Natasha. “If only he were alive!” - she thought. After crying, talking and wiping away their tears, both friends approached Prince Andrei’s door. Natasha carefully opened the doors and looked into the room. Sonya stood next to her at the half-open door.
Prince Andrei lay high on three pillows. His pale face was calm, his eyes were closed, and you could see how he was breathing evenly.
- Oh, Natasha! – Sonya suddenly almost screamed, grabbing her cousin’s hand and retreating from the door.
- What? What? – Natasha asked.
“This is this, that, that...” said Sonya with a pale face and trembling lips.
Natasha quietly closed the door and went with Sonya to the window, not yet understanding what they were saying to her.
“Do you remember,” Sonya said with a frightened and solemn face, “do you remember when I looked for you in the mirror... In Otradnoye, at Christmas time... Do you remember what I saw?..
- Yes Yes! - Natasha said, opening her eyes wide, vaguely remembering that Sonya then said something about Prince Andrei, whom she saw lying down.
- Do you remember? – Sonya continued. “I saw it then and told everyone, both you and Dunyasha.” “I saw that he was lying on the bed,” she said, making a gesture with her hand with a raised finger at every detail, “and that he had closed his eyes, and that he was covered with a pink blanket, and that he had folded his hands,” Sonya said, making sure that as she described the details she saw now, that these same details she saw then. She didn’t see anything then, but said that she saw what came into her head; but what she came up with then seemed to her as valid as any other memory. What she said then, that he looked back at her and smiled and was covered with something red, she not only remembered, but was firmly convinced that even then she said and saw that he was covered with a pink, exactly pink, blanket, and that his eyes were closed.
“Yes, yes, exactly in pink,” said Natasha, who now also seemed to remember what was said in pink, and in this she saw the main unusualness and mystery of the prediction.
– But what does this mean? – Natasha said thoughtfully.
- Oh, I don’t know how extraordinary all this is! - Sonya said, clutching her head.
A few minutes later, Prince Andrei called, and Natasha came in to see him; and Sonya, experiencing an emotion and tenderness she had rarely experienced, remained at the window, pondering the extraordinary nature of what had happened.
On this day there was an opportunity to send letters to the army, and the Countess wrote a letter to her son.
“Sonya,” said the Countess, raising her head from the letter as her niece walked past her. – Sonya, won’t you write to Nikolenka? - said the countess in a quiet, trembling voice, and in the look of her tired eyes, looking through glasses, Sonya read everything that the countess understood in these words. This look expressed pleading, fear of refusal, shame for having to ask, and readiness for irreconcilable hatred in case of refusal.
Sonya went up to the countess and, kneeling down, kissed her hand.
“I’ll write, maman,” she said.
Sonya was softened, excited and touched by everything that happened that day, especially by the mysterious performance of fortune-telling that she just saw. Now that she knew that on the occasion of the renewal of Natasha’s relationship with Prince Andrei, Nikolai could not marry Princess Marya, she joyfully felt the return of that mood of self-sacrifice in which she loved and was accustomed to living. And with tears in her eyes and with the joy of realizing a generous deed, she, interrupted several times by tears that clouded her velvety black eyes, wrote that touching letter, the receipt of which so amazed Nikolai.
At the guardhouse where Pierre was taken, the officer and soldiers who took him treated him with hostility, but at the same time with respect. One could still feel in their attitude towards him doubt about who he was (whether he was a very important person), and hostility due to their still fresh personal struggle with him.
But when, on the morning of another day, the shift came, Pierre felt that for the new guard - for the officers and soldiers - it no longer had the meaning that it had for those who took him. And indeed, in this big, fat man in a peasant’s caftan, the guards of the next day no longer saw that living man who so desperately fought with the marauder and with the escort soldiers and said a solemn phrase about saving the child, but saw only the seventeenth of those being held for some reason, by by order of the highest authorities, the captured Russians. If there was anything special about Pierre, it was only his timid, intently thoughtful appearance and the French language, in which, surprisingly for the French, he spoke well. Despite the fact that on the same day Pierre was connected with other suspected suspects, since the separate room he occupied was needed by an officer.
All the Russians kept with Pierre were people of the lowest rank. And all of them, recognizing Pierre as a master, shunned him, especially since he spoke French. Pierre heard with sadness the ridicule of himself.
The next evening, Pierre learned that all of these prisoners (and probably himself included) were to be tried for arson. On the third day, Pierre was taken with others to a house where a French general with a white mustache, two colonels and other Frenchmen with scarves on their hands were sitting. Pierre, along with others, was asked questions about who he was with the precision and certainty with which defendants are usually treated, supposedly exceeding human weaknesses. where he was? for what purpose? and so on.
These questions, leaving aside the essence of the life matter and excluding the possibility of revealing this essence, like all questions asked in courts, had the goal only of setting up the groove along which the judges wanted the defendant’s answers to flow and lead him to the desired goal, that is to the accusation. As soon as he began to say something that did not satisfy the purpose of the accusation, they took a groove, and the water could flow wherever it wanted. In addition, Pierre experienced the same thing that a defendant experiences in all courts: bewilderment as to why all these questions were asked of him. He felt that this trick of inserting a groove was used only out of condescension or, as it were, out of politeness. He knew that he was in the power of these people, that only power had brought him here, that only power gave them the right to demand answers to questions, that the only purpose of this meeting was to accuse him. And therefore, since there was power and there was a desire to accuse, there was no need for the trick of questions and trial. It was obvious that all answers had to lead to guilt. When asked what he was doing when they took him, Pierre answered with some tragedy that he was carrying a child to his parents, qu"il avait sauve des flammes [whom he saved from the flames]. - Why did he fight with the marauder? Pierre answered, that he was defending a woman, that protecting an insulted woman is the duty of every person, that... He was stopped: this did not go to the point. Why was he in the yard of a house on fire, where witnesses saw him? He answered that he was going to see what was happening in Moscow. They stopped him again: they didn’t ask him where he was going, and why was he near the fire? Who was he? They repeated the first question to him, to which he said that he did not want to answer. Again he answered that he could not say that .
- Write it down, this is not good. “It’s very bad,” the general with a white mustache and a red, ruddy face told him sternly.
On the fourth day, fires started on Zubovsky Val.
Pierre and thirteen others were taken to Krymsky Brod, to the carriage house of a merchant's house. Walking through the streets, Pierre was choking from the smoke, which seemed to be standing over the entire city. Fires were visible from different directions. Pierre did not yet understand the significance of the burning of Moscow and looked at these fires with horror.
Pierre stayed in the carriage house of a house near the Crimean Brod for four more days, and during these days he learned from the conversation of the French soldiers that everyone kept here expected the marshal's decision every day. Which marshal, Pierre could not find out from the soldiers. For the soldier, obviously, the marshal seemed to be the highest and somewhat mysterious link in power.
These first days, until September 8th, the day on which the prisoners were taken for secondary interrogation, were the most difficult for Pierre.
X
On September 8, a very important officer entered the barn to see the prisoners, judging by the respect with which the guards treated him. This officer, probably a staff officer, with a list in his hands, made a roll call of all the Russians, calling Pierre: celui qui n "avoue pas son nom [the one who does not say his name]. And, indifferently and lazily looking at all the prisoners, he ordered the guard it is proper for the officer to dress and tidy them up before leading them to the marshal. An hour later a company of soldiers arrived, and Pierre and thirteen others were led to the Maiden's Field. The day was clear, sunny after the rain, and the air was unusually clean. Smoke did not settle down as in that day when Pierre was taken out of the guardhouse of Zubovsky Val; smoke rose in columns in the clear air. The fires of the fires were nowhere to be seen, but columns of smoke rose from all sides, and all of Moscow, everything that Pierre could see, was one conflagration. On all sides one could see vacant lots with stoves and chimneys and occasionally the charred walls of stone houses. Pierre looked closely at the fires and did not recognize the familiar quarters of the city. In some places, surviving churches could be seen. The Kremlin, undestroyed, loomed white from afar with its towers and Ivan the Great. Nearby, the dome of the Novodevichy Convent glittered merrily, and the bell of the Gospel was especially loudly heard from there. This announcement reminded Pierre that it was Sunday and the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary. But it seemed that there was no one to celebrate this holiday: everywhere there was devastation from the fire, and from the Russian people there were only occasionally ragged, frightened people who hid at the sight of the French.
Obviously, the Russian nest was ravaged and destroyed; but behind the destruction of this Russian order of life, Pierre unconsciously felt that over this ruined nest his own, completely different, but firm French order had been established. He felt this from the sight of those soldiers walking cheerfully and cheerfully, in regular rows, who escorted him with other criminals; he felt this from the sight of some important French official in a double carriage, driven by a soldier, driving towards him. He felt this from the cheerful sounds of regimental music coming from the left side of the field, and especially he felt and understood it from the list that the visiting French officer read this morning, calling out the prisoners. Pierre was taken by some soldiers, taken to one place or another with dozens of other people; it seemed that they could forget about him, mix him up with others. But no: his answers given during the interrogation came back to him in the form of his name: celui qui n "avoue pas son nom. And under this name, which Pierre was afraid of, he was now being led somewhere, with undoubted confidence written on them faces that all the other prisoners and he were the ones who were needed, and that they were being taken where they were needed. Pierre felt like an insignificant sliver caught in the wheels of an unknown to him, but correctly functioning machine.
Pierre and other criminals were led to the right side of the Maiden's Field, not far from the monastery, to a large white house with a huge garden. This was the house of Prince Shcherbatov, in which Pierre had often visited the owner before and in which now, as he learned from the conversation of the soldiers, the marshal, the Duke of Eckmuhl, was stationed.
They were led to the porch and one by one they were led into the house. Pierre was brought in sixth. Through a glass gallery, a vestibule, and an antechamber, familiar to Pierre, he was led into a long, low office, at the door of which stood an adjutant.
Davout sat at the end of the room above the table, glasses on his nose. Pierre came close to him. Davout, without raising his eyes, was apparently coping with some paper lying in front of him. Without raising his eyes, he quietly asked:
– Qui etes vous? [Who are you?]
Pierre was silent because he was unable to utter words. For Pierre, Davout was not just a French general; for Pierre Davout, he was a man known for his cruelty. Looking at the cold face of Davout, who, like a strict teacher, agreed to have patience for the time being and wait for an answer, Pierre felt that every second of delay could cost him his life; but he didn't know what to say. He did not dare say what he said during the first interrogation; revealing one's rank and position was both dangerous and shameful. Pierre was silent. But before Pierre could decide on anything, Davout raised his head, raised his glasses to his forehead, narrowed his eyes and looked intently at Pierre.
“I know this man,” he said in a measured, cold voice, obviously calculated to frighten Pierre. The cold that had previously run down Pierre's back gripped his head like a vice.
– Mon general, vous ne pouvez pas me connaitre, je ne vous ai jamais vu... [You couldn’t know me, general, I’ve never seen you.]
“C"est un espion russe, [This is a Russian spy,"] Davout interrupted him, addressing another general who was in the room and whom Pierre had not noticed. And Davout turned away. With an unexpected boom in his voice, Pierre suddenly spoke quickly.
“Non, Monseigneur,” he said, suddenly remembering that Davout was a Duke. - Non, Monseigneur, vous n"avez pas pu me connaitre. Je suis un officier militianaire et je n"ai pas quitte Moscow. [No, Your Highness... No, Your Highness, you could not know me. I am a police officer and I have not left Moscow.]
- Votre nom? [Your name?] - repeated Davout.
- Besouhof. [Bezukhov.]
– Qu"est ce qui me prouvera que vous ne mentez pas? [Who will prove to me that you are not lying?]
- Monseigneur! [Your Highness!] - Pierre cried out in a not offended, but pleading voice.
Davout raised his eyes and looked intently at Pierre. They looked at each other for several seconds, and this glance saved Pierre. In this view, apart from all the conditions of war and trial, a human relationship was established between these two people. Both of them in that one minute vaguely experienced countless things and realized that they were both children of humanity, that they were brothers.
At first glance for Davout, who only raised his head from his list, where human affairs and life were called numbers, Pierre was only a circumstance; and, not taking the bad deed into account on his conscience, Davout would have shot him; but now he already saw a person in him. He thought for a moment.
– Comment me prouverez vous la verite de ce que vous me dites? [How will you prove to me the truth of your words?] - Davout said coldly.
Pierre remembered Rambal and named his regiment, his last name, and the street on which the house was located.
“Vous n"etes pas ce que vous dites, [You are not what you say.],” Davout said again.
Pierre, in a trembling, intermittent voice, began to provide evidence of the truth of his testimony.
But at this time the adjutant entered and reported something to Davout.
Davout suddenly beamed at the news conveyed by the adjutant and began to button up. He apparently completely forgot about Pierre.
When the adjutant reminded him of the prisoner, he frowned, nodded towards Pierre and said to be led away. But Pierre didn’t know where they were supposed to take him: back to the booth or to the prepared place of execution, which his comrades showed him while walking along the Maiden’s Field.
He turned his head and saw that the adjutant was asking something again.
- Oui, sans doute! [Yes, of course!] - said Davout, but Pierre didn’t know what “yes” was.
Pierre did not remember how, how long he walked and where. He, in a state of complete senselessness and dullness, not seeing anything around him, moved his legs along with the others until everyone stopped, and he stopped. During all this time, one thought was in Pierre’s head. It was the thought of who, who, finally sentenced him to death. These were not the same people who interrogated him in the commission: not one of them wanted and, obviously, could not do this. It was not Davout who looked at him so humanly. Another minute and Davout would have realized that they were doing something wrong, but this moment was interrupted by the adjutant who entered. And this adjutant, obviously, did not want anything bad, but he might not have entered. Who was it that finally executed, killed, took his life - Pierre with all his memories, aspirations, hopes, thoughts? Who did this? And Pierre felt that it was no one.
It was an order, a pattern of circumstances.
Some kind of order was killing him - Pierre, depriving him of his life, of everything, destroying him.
From the house of Prince Shcherbatov, the prisoners were led straight down along the Devichye Pole, to the left of the Devichye Convent and led to a vegetable garden on which there was a pillar. Behind the pillar there was a large hole dug with freshly dug up earth, and a large crowd of people stood in a semicircle around the pit and the pillar. The crowd consisted of a small number of Russians and a large number of Napoleonic troops out of formation: Germans, Italians and French in different uniforms. To the right and left of the pillar stood fronts of French troops in blue uniforms with red epaulettes, boots and shakos.
The criminals were placed in a certain order, which was on the list (Pierre was sixth), and were led to a post. Several drums suddenly struck from both sides, and Pierre felt that with this sound it was as if part of his soul had been torn away. He lost the ability to think and think. He could only see and hear. And he had only one desire - the desire for something terrible to happen that had to be done as quickly as possible. Pierre looked back at his comrades and examined them.
The two men on the edge were shaven and guarded. One is tall and thin; the other is black, shaggy, muscular, with a flat nose. The third was a street servant, about forty-five years old, with graying hair and a plump, well-fed body. The fourth was a very handsome man, with a thick brown beard and black eyes. The fifth was a factory worker, yellow, thin, about eighteen, in a dressing gown.
Pierre heard that the French were discussing how to shoot - one at a time or two at a time? “Two at a time,” the senior officer answered coldly and calmly. There was movement in the ranks of the soldiers, and it was noticeable that everyone was in a hurry - and they were in a hurry not as they are in a hurry to do something understandable to everyone, but as they are in a hurry to finish a necessary, but unpleasant and incomprehensible task.
A French official in a scarf approached the right side of the line of criminals and read the verdict in Russian and French.
Then two pairs of Frenchmen approached the criminals and, at the officer’s direction, took two guards who were standing on the edge. The guards, approaching the post, stopped and, while the bags were brought, silently looked around them, as a wounded animal looks at a suitable hunter. One kept crossing himself, the other scratched his back and made a movement with his lips like a smile. The soldiers, hurrying with their hands, began to blindfold them, put on bags and tie them to a post.
MEMORY LESSON
"Parades of the Great Patriotic War"
Much has been written about the parade on November 7, 1941 and the events that accompanied it; the stories about the Siberian divisions and tanks that immediately after the solemn march went to the front were especially picturesque. Meanwhile, a lot of interesting details remained behind the scenes of the official history and became known only recently. Muscovites celebrated the eve of the 24th anniversary of the October Revolution in a state of siege, fearing that the German troops, already on the closest approaches to the capital, would be able to make the final push. The evacuation that began on October 16 gave rise to a lot of rumors, including that Stalin and his closest associates in the Politburo had left Moscow. In this situation, in order to dispel rumors about the evacuation of senior leadership, and to increase the fighting spirit of citizens, Stalin decided, as in a normal year, to hold a PARADE of troops.
In preparation for the parade, unprecedented security measures were taken, and Moscow's air defense was significantly strengthened - any German bomber that broke through could cause a disaster. The parade was planned to be held in any weather, but, fortunately, on that day it was completely unflyable - blizzard, fog, which excluded the possibility of an air raid on Moscow. Bad weather caused certain difficulties with the musical accompaniment of the parade - it was difficult for the orchestra to play in the cold and snowstorm, but the parade still took place with appropriate music. It should be noted that the orchestra at this parade was conducted by Vasily Agapkin, a composer famous for his most famous creation - the march “Farewell of the Slavic Woman,” which was perhaps the most popular melody in the country in those autumn months. While conducting the orchestra, Agapkin froze to the platform, so that he was able to get off from there at the end of the parade only with the help of his musicians.
It took a lot of work to assemble armored vehicles for participation in the parade, which the front desperately needed. The situation was saved by newly formed tank units that had not yet reached the front. A battalion of KV-1 heavy tanks arrived to participate in the parade directly from the factory, and the tanks were completed on the way, on railway platforms. The troops went straight from the parade to the front - this common cliche is by no means an exaggeration. Many tank and motorized units headed directly from Red Square under their own power to the west of Moscow, where, after replenishing ammunition and fuel supplies, they were distributed among the divisions defending the city.
For the Germans, the military parade in Moscow came as an unpleasant surprise, and its widespread coverage throughout the world, including in the occupied territories, through leaflets and radio broadcasting, became one of the first serious “information” defeats for Germany in this war. The German command repeatedly promised to take Moscow before the onset of frost and hold its parade on Red Square, and this promise turned out to be empty. The Nazis no longer had the strength for a decisive attack on the capital of the USSR; the advancing divisions were drained of blood.
They (the Nazis) really wanted to march through Moscow. This would be the apotheosis of World War II. And their dream came true - only the apotheosis turned into a tragedy, a harbinger of an imminent end. 65 years ago. In still unconquered Moscow, a march of captured Wehrmacht soldiers and officers took place.
Eyewitnesses of that day recalled later: the command “march” was heard - and an immense column flowed from the Moscow hippodrome to the festive street. More than 90 marching groups, from head to tail of the column - more than three kilometers. The march of captured Germans through the capital of the USSR (also known as the “Parade of the Vanquished” and the “Great Waltz”) took place on July 17, 1944. Before that, during Operation Bagration, the German Army Group Center was defeated, about 400 thousand soldiers and officers, including 21 generals, were killed or captured. The Allies doubted such a colossal defeat of the Germans - so a good opportunity presented itself to show the successes of the Soviet army in the war and raise the spirit of the people.
The first group of Germans (42 thousand people) walked along the Leningradskoye Highway and Gorky Street (present-day Tverskaya) to Mayakovsky Square, and then along the Garden Ring to the Kursky Station. The second group (15 thousand) walked along the Garden Ring from Mayakovsky Square, reaching the Kanatchikovo station of the Circular Railway. The columns were accompanied by horsemen and foot guards, and the prisoners were followed by watering machines, symbolically washing away dirt from the asphalt. It is curious that the idea of such a march was borrowed from the Germans themselves. In 1914, they drove through Konigsberg captured soldiers and officers of the Russian army of General Samsonov. Nevertheless, many who walked through Moscow in July 65 years ago found more compassion than hatred among some spectators. “I saw some women with faces full of sympathy, I saw women with tears in their eyes,” wrote the German doctor Siemer on this occasion. Well, such is the Slavic soul: our compassion is always higher than even noble hatred.
VICTORY PARADE 1945
In honor of the victory over Nazi Germany, on June 24, 1945, a parade of troops of the active army, the Naval Fleet and the Moscow garrison took place in Moscow - the Victory Parade. Ten fronts sent their best warriors to him. Among them were representatives of the Polish army. The combined regiments, consisting of heroes of the Patriotic War, led by their illustrious commanders under military banners, marched solemnly along Red Square. The workers warmly greeted the valiant warriors. To the beat of drums, 200 Soviet soldiers threw 200 banners of the defeated German army at the foot of the Mausoleum of V.I. Lenin. With this symbolic act, Soviet soldiers forever cemented in the memory of mankind the immortal feat of their people, their Armed Forces and the Leninist Party, which raised the entire country in the Great Patriotic War and led it to final victory.
The parade was hosted by Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov, the parade was commanded by Marshal of the Soviet Union K.K. Rokossovsky. While marching solemnly ahead of the combined front regiments, front and army commanders and Heroes of the Soviet Union walked with the banners of illustrious units and formations. The march of the combined front regiments was completed by a column of soldiers.
“...For each combined regiment, military marches were specially selected, which were especially loved by them... Muscovites in high spirits walked with orchestras to the Red Square area to take part in the demonstration on that historic day. ...The moment when two hundred soldiers - war veterans - threw two hundred banners of the Nazi army at the foot of the Mausoleum to the foot of the Mausoleum was incomparable,” said Marshal G.K. Zhukov.