Vladimir Khomutko

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How to determine the absolute and relative density of oil and petroleum products?

The density of oil and petroleum products is one of the most important characteristics of oil and petroleum products, which is why the accuracy of its determination is so important.

There are two indicators of this parameter - absolute and relative.

The absolute density of oil and petroleum products is the amount of mass per unit volume. It is measured in grams, kilograms and tons per cubic centimeter or meter (g/cm3, kg/m3). This indicator is determined at 20 degrees Celsius.

Relative density is the ratio of the density of light petroleum products or the density of oil and dark petroleum fractions to the value of this parameter for distilled water at certain temperatures of both liquids. This indicator has no unit of measurement. In our country it is determined at 20 degrees, and for distilled water at 4 degrees.

This indicator can be determined by the following methods:

• determination by hydrometer and densimeter;
• pycnometric method;
• calculation method.

Measuring the density of petroleum products using a hydrometer and densimeter

Hydrometers measure both the density of oil and petroleum products and their temperature, while densimeters measure only the density of petroleum products. This method is regulated by GOST 3900 - 85 and consists in immersing a calibrated hydrometer into the product under study, and then reading the readings on the instrument scale under current research conditions. After this, the result obtained is brought to a normal value at 20 degrees (there is a special table for this).

These measuring instruments have the following limits (g/cm³):

• aviation gasoline – from 0.65 to 0.71;
• motor gasoline – from 0.71 to 0.77;
• kerosene – from 0.77 to 0.83;
• diesel fuel and oils (industrial) – from 0.83 to 0.89;
• dark oils and petroleum products - from 0.89 to 0.95.

The research process proceeds as follows:

№	Helpful information
1	The glass cylinder is installed on a flat surface
2	then a pre-taken sample of the test product is poured into it so that no air bubbles form and there is no loss of volume due to evaporation
3	bubbles that appear on the surface are removed using filter paper
4	measure the temperature of the sample before and after measurement, using the same hydrometer, or, in the case of using a densimeter, with a separate device (the sample temperature must be constant with deviations of no more than 0.2 degrees)
5	carefully lower a dry and clean device into the vessel, holding it by the upper end
6	when the meter stops oscillating, read the readings from the upper or lower meniscus (depending on the calibration)
7	the result obtained is the density of oil or oil product under current conditions
8	the test temperature is rounded to the nearest one, which is in the table
9	using the same table, using the results obtained, determine the indicator of this parameter of the petroleum product at 20° Celsius

The essence of the method is that a sample of the product being tested is poured into a pycnometer, which is a graduated vessel, then it is heated (or cooled) to 20° and weighed on special scales, the error of which is no more than 0.0002 grams. The result obtained is a relative indicator.

This calculation is based on the dependence of this parameter on the temperature of the oil product.

Sequence of calculations:

• an indicator of its density at 20° is taken from the passport of the product under study;
• measure the average temperature of the test product;
• calculate the difference between the obtained result and 20°, rounding it to the nearest whole number;
• in a special table, find the correction for one degree of deviation, which corresponds to the passport value of the parameter at plus 20°;
• the resulting determinant correction is multiplied by the temperature difference;
• the obtained result is added to the passport if the temperature of the study is below 20°, or subtracted from it if T > 20.

0,650…0,659 – 0,000962; 0,660…0,669 – 0,000949; 0,670…0,679 – 0,000936;

0,680…0,689 – 0,000925; 0,6900…0,6999 – 0,000910; 0,7000…0,7099 – 0,000897;

0,7100…0,7199 – 0,000884; 0,7200…0,7299 – 0,000870;0,7300…0,7399 – 0,000857;

0,7400…0,7499 – 0,000844; 0,7500…0,7599 – 0,000831; 0,7600…0,7699 – 0,000818;

0,7700…0,7799 – 0,000805; 0,7800…0,7899 – 0,000792; 0,7900…0,7999 – 0,000778;

0,8000…0,8099 – 0,000765; 0,8100…0,8199 – 0,000752; 0,8200…0,8299 – 0,000738;

0,8300…0,8399 – 0,000725; 0,8400…0,8499 – 0,000712; 0,8500…0,8599 – 0,000699;

0,8600…0,8699 – 0,000686; 0,8700…0,8799 – 0,000673; 0,8800…0,8899 – 0,000660;

0,8900…0,8999 – 0,000647; 0,9000…0,9099 – 0,000633; 0,9100…0,9199 – 0,000620;

0,9200…0,9299 – 0,000607; 0,9300…0,9399 – 0,000594; 0,9400…0,9499 – 0,000581;

0,9500…0,9599 – 0,000567; 0,9600…0,9699 – 0,000554; 0,9700…0,9799 – 0,000541;

0,9800…0,9899 – 0,000528; 0,9900…1,000 – 0,000515.

To better understand this technique, consider an example.

The essence of the method. The essence of the method is to immerse the hydrometer in the test product, take readings on the hydrometer scale at the determination temperature and convert the results to density at a temperature of 20ºC.

Equipment and materials:

Set of hydrometers;

Glass cylinder for hydrometer;

Glass mercury thermometer;

Glass funnel;

Paper napkins.

Progress:

The cylinder for hydrometers is installed on a flat surface. A sample of the product to be tested is poured into the cylinder. Air bubbles that form on the surface are removed with filter paper or a napkin.

The temperature of the test sample is measured before and after measuring the density using a thermometer.

A clean and dry hydrometer is slowly and carefully lowered into the cylinder with the test product, supporting the hydrometer by the upper end, preventing the part of the rod located above the immersion level of the hydrometer from wetting.

When the hydrometer is established and its oscillations stop, readings are taken along the upper edge of the meniscus, while the eye is at the level of the meniscus. The reading on the hydrometer scale corresponds to the density of the oil product at the test temperature ρ t.

The measured test temperature is rounded to the nearest temperature value specified in the annex table.

Using the rounded value of temperature and density ρ t, determined on the hydrometer scale, the density of the test product at 20ºC is found according to the appendix table.

The arithmetic mean of two density determinations is taken as the test result.

For oil and oil products intended for export, the measured density is recalculated to density at 15ºC (60 ºF), and when converting the mass of oil and oil products in mass units (tons) to volume units (barrels), an amendment is made in accordance with GOST R 8.599-2003 " Density and volume of oil. Tables of density and mass conversion factors.”

Based on density and according to the GOST 51858-2002 standard, we determine the type of a given batch of oil.

Conversion of density at density test temperature

at a temperature of 20ºС, GOST 3900-85.

The appendix table presents density values ​​(in g/cm 3) at a temperature of 20ºC.

Example.

The density of the petroleum product at a temperature of 27.5ºC is 0.6448 g/cm 3 .

To convert the density of a product measured at 27.5ºС to density at 20ºС, you must:

A. round the measured density to the second significant figure, for example to 0.640 or to 0.650 g/cm 3 ;

b. Using the table in the horizontal column “Density on the hydrometer scale, g/cm3”, find the rounded density value, for example, 0.640;

V. in the column “Test temperature, ºС” find the test temperature value – 27.5ºС;

g. Using the table, find the density of the product at 20ºС – 0.647 g/cm 3 (at the intersection of the column and row). Since, when rounding the measured density, the density value was actually reduced by 0.6448 - 0.640 = 0.0048 g/cm 3, it is necessary to add this value to the density value at 20ºC found from the table, that is, (0.647 + 0.0048) g /cm3 = 0.6518 g/cm3.

Thus, the density of the product at 20ºC is 0.6518 g/cm 3 .

If the measured density is rounded to 0.650 g/cm 3 , the actual increase in density value is 0.650 - 0.6448 = 0.0052 g/cm 3 . Therefore, from the density value at 20ºC found from the table (0.6569 g/cm3), it is necessary to subtract 0.0052 g/cm3, that is, 0.657 - 0.0052 = 0.6518 g/cm3.

The density of the product at 20ºС is 0.6518 g/cm3.

Sample N	at the temperature of the experiment	Definition by deficiency	Determination by excess	according to GOST R 8599-2003
D		D

D is the difference between and the taken density value on the hydrometer scale of the GOST 3900-85 table.

Using Table 2, we determine the type of oil:

0 - especially light;

1 - light;

2 - average;

3 - heavy;

4 - bituminous.

table 2

Parameter name	Norm for oil type
for the country's economy	for export	for the country's economy	for export	for the country's economy	for export	for the country's economy	for export	for the country's economy	for export
1. Density, kg/m 3, at temperature: 20 ºС 15 ºС	Not more than 830.0 Not more than 834.5	830,1-850,0 834,6-854,4	850,1-870,0 854,5-874,4	870,1-895,0 874,5-899,3	More than 895.0 More than 899.3
2. Yield of fractions, %, not less, up to temperature: 200 ºС 300 ºС 350 ºС	– – –		– – –		– – –		– – –	– – –	– – –	– – –
3. Mass fraction of paraffin, %, no more	–	6,0	–	6,0	–	6,0	–	–	–	–
Notes 1. Determination of density at 20 ºС is mandatory until January 1, 2004, determination of density at 15 ºС is mandatory from January 1, 2004. 2. If according to one of the indicators (density or yield of fractions) the oil belongs to the type with a lower number, and according to another - to the type with a higher number, then the oil is recognized as corresponding to the type with a higher number.

III. Questions for self-control

1. Methods for determining the density of oil and petroleum products.

2. Which method for determining the density of oil and petroleum products is the most accurate, and which is the fastest?

3. Areometric method.

4. Density dimension.

5. Dependence of the density of petroleum products on temperature.

6. Dependence of the density of oil and petroleum products on the hydrocarbon composition.

7. Practical application of the density of oil and oil products during acceptance and delivery operations when determining the type of oil.

8. For which petroleum products is density a standardized indicator?

9. GOST 3900-85, procedure for performing calculations.

10. Determine the relative density of a mixture consisting of three components:

V 1 = 0.05 m 3, relative density

V 2 = 820 l, relative density

M 3 = 25 kg, relative density

11. Relative density of oil product at 20ºС () 0.825. Using the Manovyan formula, determine the relative density of the oil product at 55ºС ().

12. Relative density of oil product at 20ºС () 0.750. Using the Mendeleev formula, determine the relative density of the oil product at 32ºС ().

Application

Density conversion table at test temperature in

density at 20 ºС

pace. isp., ˚С	0,600	0,610	0,620	0,630	0,640	0,650	0,660	0,670	0,680	0,690
Density at 20˚С, g/cm 2
10,0	0,589	0,600	0,610	0,620	0,630	0,641	0,6508	0,6610	0,6711	0,6812
10,5	0,590	0,600	0,611	0,621	0,631	0,641	0,6513	0,6614	0,6715	0,6817
11,0	0,591	0,601	0,611	0,621	0,631	0,642	0,6517	0,6619	0,6720	0,6821
11,5	0,591	0,601	0,612	0,622	0,632	0,642	0,6522	0,6623	0,6724	0,6826
12,0	0,592	0,602	0,612	0,622	0,632	0,643	0,6527	0,6628	0,6729	0,6830
12,5	0,592	0,602	0,613	0,623	0,633	0,643	0,6531	0,6632	0,6733	0,6834
13,0	0,593	0,603	0,613	0,623	0,633	0,643	0,6536	0,6637	0,6738	0,6839
13,5	0,593	0,603	0,614	0,624	0,634	0,644	0,6540	0,6641	0,6742	0,6843
14,0	0,594	0,604	0,614	0,624	0,634	0,644	0,6545	0,6646	0,6747	0,6848
14,5	0,594	0,604	0,615	0,625	0,635	0,645	0,6550	0,6650	0,6751	0,6852
15,0	0,595	0,605	0,615	0,625	0,635	0,645	0,6554	0,6655	0,6756	0,6856
15,5	0,595	0,605	0,616	0,626	0,636	0,646	0,6559	0,6660	0,6760	0,6861
16,0	0,596	0,606	0,616	0,626	0,636	0,6446	0,6563	0,6664	0,6765	0,6865
16,5	0,596	0,606	0,617	0,627	0,637	0,647	0,6568	0,6669	0,6769	0,6869
17,0	0,597	0,607	0,617	0,627	0,637	0,647	0,6583	0,6673	0,6773	0,6874
17,5	0,597	0,607	0,618	0,628	0,638	0,648	0,6577	0,6678	0,6778	0,6878
18,0	0,598	0,608	0,618	0,628	0,638	0,648	0,6582	0,6682	0,6782	0,6883
18,5	0,598	0,608	0,619	0,629	0,639	0,649	0,6586	0,6687	0,6787	0,6887
19,0	0,599	0,609	0,619	0,629	0,639	0,649	0,6591	0,6691	0,6791	0,6891
19,5	0,599	0,610	0,620	0,630	0,640	0,650	0,6595	0,6696	0,6796	0,6896
20,0	0,600	0,610	0,620	0,630	0,640	0,650	0,6600	0,6700	0,6800	0,6900
20,5	0,601	0,610	0,620	0,630	0,640	0,6505	0,6605	0,6701	0,6804	0,6904
21,0	0,601	0,611	0,621	0,631	0,641	0,6509	0,6609	0,6709	0,6809	0,6909
21,5	0,602	0,611	0,621	0,631	0,641	0,6514	0,6614	0,6713	0,6813	0,6913
22,0	0,602	0,612	0,622	0,632	0,642	0,6518	0,6618	0,6718	0,6818	0,6917
22,5	0,603	0,612	0,622	0,632	0,642	0,6523	0,6623	0,6722	0,6822	0,6922
23,0	0,603	0,613	0,623	0,633	0,643	0,6528	0,6627	0,6727	0,6826	0,6926
23,5	0,604	0,613	0,623	,0633	0,643	0,6532	0,6632	0,6731	0,6831	0,6930
24,0	0,604	0,614	0,624	0,634	0,644	0,6537	0,6636	0,6736	0,6835	0,6935
24,5	0,605	0,614	0,624	0,634	0,644	0,6541	0,6641	0,6740	0,6839	0,6939
25,0	0,605	0,615	0,625	0,635	0,645	0,6546	0,6645	0,6745	0,6844	0,6943
25,5	0,605	0,615	0,625	0,635	0,645	0,6550	0,6650	0,6749	0,6848	0,6947
26,0	0,606	0,616	0,626	0,636	0,646	0,6555	0,6654	0,6753	0,6853	0,6952
26,5	0,607	0,616	0,626	0,636	0,646	0,6560	0,6659	0,6758	0,6857	0,6956
27,0	0,607	0,617	0,627	0,637	0,647	0,6561	0,6663	0,6762	0,6861	0,6960
27,5	0,608	0,617	0,627	0,637	0,647	0,6569	0,6668	0,6767	0,6866	0,6965
28,0	0,608	0,618	0,628	0,638	0,647	0,6573	0,6672	0,6771	0,6870	0,6569
28,5	0,609	0,618	0,628	0,638	0,648	0,6578	0,6677	0,6775	0,6874	0,6973
29,0	0,609	0,619	0,629	0,638	0,648	0,6582	0,6681	0,6780	0,6879	0,6977
29,5	0,610	0,619	0,629	0,639	0,649	0,6587	0,6685	0,6784	0,6883	0,6982

Operating temperature, ˚С	Density on the hydrometer scale, g/cm 2
0,700	0,710	0,720	0,730	0,740	0,750	0,760	0,770	0,780	0,790
Density at 20˚С, g/cm 2
13,0	0,6940	0,7041	0,7142	0,7243	0,7343	0,7444	0,7546	0,7647	0,7748	0,7849
13,5	0,6944	0,7045	0,7146	0,7247	0,7348	0,7448	0,7550	0,7651	0,7752	0,7853
14,0	0,6948	0,7049	0,7150	0,7251	0,7352	0,7452	0,7553	0,7655	0,7756	0,7857
14,5	0,6953	0,7053	0,7154	0,7255	0,7356	0,7456	0,7557	0,7658	0,7759	0,7860
15,0	0,6957	0,7058	0,7158	0,7259	0,7360	0,7460	0,7561	0,7662	0,7763	0,7864
15,5	0,6961	0,7062	0,7163	0,7263	0,7364	0,7464	0,7565	0,7666	0,7767	0,7868
16,0	0,6966	0,7066	0,7167	0,7267	0,7368	0,7468	0,7569	0,7670	0,7770	0,7871
16,5	0,6970	0,7070	0,7170	0,7271	0,7372	0,7472	0,7573	0,7674	0,7774	0,7875
17,0	0,6974	0,7075	0,7175	0,7275	0,7376	0,7476	0,7577	0,7677	0,7778	0,7878
17,5	0,6979	0,7079	0,7179	0,7280	0,7380	0,7480	0,7581	0,7681	0,7782	0,7882
18,0	0,6983	0,7083	0,7183	0,7284	0,7384	0,7484	0,7585	0,7685	0,7785	0,7886
18,5	0,6987	0,7087	0,7188	0,7286	0,7388	0,7488	0,7588	0,7689	0,7789	0,7889
19,0	0,6991	0,7092	0,7192	0,7292	0,7392	0,7492	0,7592	0,7692	0,7793	0,7893
19,5	0,6996	0,7096	0,7196	0,7296	0,7396	0,7496	0,7596	0,7696	0,7796	0,7896
20,0	0,7000	0,7100	0,7200	0,7300	0,7400	0,7500	0,7600	0,7700	0,7800	0,7900
20,5	0,7004	0,7104	0,7204	0,7304	0,7404	0,7504	0,7604	0,7704	0,7804	0,7904
21,0	0,7009	0,7108	0,7208	0,7308	0,7408	0,7508	0,7608	0,7707	0,7807	0,7907
21,5	0,7013	0,7113	0,7212	0,7312	0,7412	0,7512	0,7611	0,7711	0,7811	0,7911
22,0	0,7017	0,7117	0,7217	0,7316	0,7416	0,7516	0,7615	0,7715	0,7815	0,7914
22,5	0,7021	0,7121	0,7221	0,7320	0,7420	0,7520	0,7619	0,7719	0,7818	0,7918
23,0	0,7026	0,7125	0,7225	0,7324	0,7424	0,7523	0,7623	0,7722	0,7822	0,7921
23,5	0,7030	0,7129	0,7229	0,7328	0,7428	0,7527	0,7627	0,7726	0,7826	0,7925
24,0	0,7034	0,7134	0,7233	0,7332	0,7432	0,7531	0,7630	0,7730	0,7829	0,7929
24,5	0,7038	0,7138	0,7237	0,7336	0,7436	0,7535	0,7634	0,7733	0,7833	0,7932
25,0	0,7043	0,7142	0,7241	0,7340	0,7440	0,7539	0,7638	0,7737	0,7836	0,7936
25,5	0,7047	0,7146	0,7245	0,7344	0,7444	0,7543	0,7642	0,7741	0,7840	0,7939
26,0	0,7051	0,7150	0,7249	0,7349	0,7448	0,7547	0,7645	0,7745	0,7844	0,7943
26,5	0,7055	0,7154	0,7253	0,7353	0,7452	0,7550	0,7649	0,7748	0,7847	0,7946
27,0	0,7059	0,7158	0,7257	0,7357	0,7456	0,7554	0,7653	0,7752	0,7851	0,7950
27,5	0,7064	0,7163	0,7262	0,7361	0,7460	0,7558	0,7657	0,7756	0,7854	0,7953
28,0	0,7068	0,7167	0,7266	0,7365	0,7463	0,7562	0,7660	0,7759	0,7858	0,7957
28,5	0,7072	0,7171	0,7270	0,7369	0,7467	0,7566	0,7664	0,7763	0,7861	0,7960
29,0	0,7076	0,7175	0,7274	0,7373	0,7471	0,7570	0,7668	0,7766	0,7865	0,7964
29,5	0,7080	0,7179	0,7278	0,7376	0,7475	0,7573	0,7672	0,7770	0,7869	0,7967
30,0	0,7085	0,7183	0,7282	0,7380	0,7479	0,7577	0,7675	0,7774	0,7872	0,7971
30,5	0,7089	0,7187	0,7286	0,7384	0,7483	0,7581	0,7679	0,7777	0,7876	0,7974
31,0	0,7093	0,7191	0,7290	0,7388	0,7487	0,7585	0,7683	0,7781	0,7879	0,7978
31,5	0,7097	0,7195	0,7294	0,7392	0,7491	0,7588	0,7686	0,7785	0,7883	0,7981
32,0	0,7101	0,7200	0,7298	0,7396	0,7495	0,7592	0,7690	0,7788	0,7886	0,7985
32,5	0,7105	0,7204	0,7302	0,7400	0,7498	0,7596	0,7694	0,7792	0,7890	0,7988
33,0	0,7110	0,7208	0,7306	0,7404	0,7502	0,7600	0,7697	0,7795	0,7893	0,7992
33,5	0,7114	0,7212	0,7310	0,7408	0,7506	0,7603	0,7701	0,7799	0,7897	0,7995
34,0	0,7118	0,7216	0,7314	0,7412	0,7510	0,7607	0,7705	0,7803	0,7901	0,7999
34,5	0,7122	0,7220	0,7318	0,7416	0,7514	0,7611	0,7708	0,7806	0,7904	0,8002
35,0	0,7126	0,7224	0,7322	0,7420	0,7518	0,7615	0,7712	0,7810	0,7908	0,8006
35,5	0,7130	0,7228	0,7326	0,7424	0,7521	0,7618	0,7716	0,7813	0,7911	0,8009
36,0	0,7134	0,7232	0,7330	0,7428	0,7525	0,7622	0,7719	0,7817	0,7915	0,8012
36,5	0,7138	0,7236	0,7334	0,7432	0,7529	0,7626	0,7723	0,7821	0,7918	0,8016
37,0	0,7143	0,7240	0,7338	0,7436	0,7533	0,7629	0,7727	0,7824	0,7922	0,8019
37,5	0,7147	0,7244	0,7342	0,7439	0,7536	0,7633	0,7730	0,7828	0,7925	0,8023
38,0	0,7151	0,7248	0,7346	0,7443	0,7540	0,7637	0,7734	0,7831	0,7929	0,8026
38,5	0,7155	0,7252	0,7350	0,7447	0,7544	0,7641	0,7738	0,7835	0,7932	0,8030
39,0	0,7159	0,7256	0,7354	0,7451	0,7548	0,7644	0,7741	0,7838	0,7936	0,8033
39,5	0,7163	0,7260	0,7358	0,7455	0,7552	0,7648	0,7745	0,7842	0,7939	0,8036
40,0	0,7167	0,7264	0,7362	0,7459	0,7555	0,7652	0,7748	0,7845	0,7942	0,8040
40,5	0,7171	0,7268	0,7366	0,7463	0,7559	0,7655	0,7752	0,7849	0,7946	0,8043
41,0	0,7175	0,7272	0,7370	0,7467	0,7563	0,7659	0,7756	0,7852	0,7949	0,8047
41,5	0,7179	0,7276	0,7373	0,7471	0,7566	0,7662	0,7759	0,7856	0,7953	0,8050
42,0	0,7183	0,7280	0,7377	0,7474	0,7570	0,7666	0,7763	0,7859	0,7956	0,8053
42,5	0,7187	0,7284	0,7381	0,7478	0,7574	0,7670	0,7766	0,7863	0,7960	0,8057
43,0	0,7191	0,7288	0,7385	0,7482	0,7578	0,7673	0,7770	0,7866	0,7963	0,8060
43,5	0,7196	0,7292	0,7389	0,7486	0,7581	0,7677	0,7773	0,7870	0,7967	0,8064
44,0	0,7200	0,7296	0,7393	0,7489	0,7585	0,7681	0,7777	0,7873	0,7970	0,8067
44,5	0,7204	0,7300	0,7397	0,7493	0,7589	0,7684	0,7781	0,7877	0,7973	0,8070
45,0	0,7208	0,7304	0,7401	0,7497	0,7592	0,7688	0,7784	0,7880	0,7977	0,8074
Operating temperature, ˚С	Density on the hydrometer scale, g/cm 2
0,800	0,810	0,820	0,830	0,840	0,850	0,860	0,870	0,880	0,890	0,900
Density at 20˚С, g/cm 2
13,0	0,7950	0,8051	0,8152	0,8253	0,8353	0,8454	0,8554	0,8654	0,8755	0,8855	0,8955
13,5	0,7954	0,8055	0,8155	0,8256	0,8356	0,8457	0,8557	0,8658	0,8758	0,8858	0,8958
14,0	0,7957	0,8058	0,8159	0,8259	0,8360	0,8460	0,8561	0,8661	0,8761	0,8861	0,8962
14,5	0,7961	0,8062	0,8162	0,8263	0,8363	0,8464	0,8564	0,8664	0,8764	0,8865	0,8965
15,0	0,7965	0,8065	0,8166	0,8266	0,8367	0,8467	0,8567	0,8667	0,8768	0,8868	0,8968
15,5	0,7968	0,8069	0,8169	0,8270	0,8370	0,8470	0,8570	0,8671	0,8771	0,8871	0,8971
16,0	0,7972	0,8072	0,8173	0,8073	0,8373	0,8474	0,8574	0,8674	0,8774	0,8874	0,8974
16,5	0,7975	0,8076	0,8176	0,8276	0,8377	0,8477	0,8577	0,8677	0,8777	0,8877	0,8978
17,0	0,7979	0,8079	0,8179	0,8280	0,8380	0,8480	0,8580	0,8681	0,8781	0,8881	0,8981
17,5	0,7982	0,8083	0,8183	0,8283	0,8383	0,8483	0,8584	0,8684	0,8784	0,8884	0,8984
18,0	0,7986	0,8086	0,8186	0,8287	0,8387	0,8487	0,8587	0,8687	0,8787	0,8887	0,8987
18,5	0,7989	0,8090	0,8190	0,8290	0,8390	0,8490	0,8590	0,8690	0,8790	0,8890	0,8990
19,0	0,7993	0,8093	0,8193	0,8293	0,8393	0,8493	0,8593	0,8694	0,8794	0,8894	0,8994
19,5	0,7996	0,8097	0,8197	0,8297	0,8397	0,8497	0,8597	0,8697	0,8797	0,8897	0,8997
20,0	0,8000	0,8100	0,8200	0,8300	0,8400	0,8500	0,8600	0,8700	0,8800	0,8900	0,9000
20,5	0,8004	0,8103	0,8203	0,8303	0,8403	0,8503	0,8603	0,8703	0,8803	0,8903	0,9003
21,0	0,8007	0,8107	0,8207	0,8307	0,8407	0,8507	0,8607	0,8706	0,8806	0,8906	0,9006
21,5	0,8011	0,8110	0,8210	0,8310	0,8410	0,8510	0,8610	0,8710	0,8810	0,8910	0,9010
22,0	0,8014	0,8114	0,8214	0,8313	0,8413	0,8513	0,8613	0,8713	0,8813	0,8913	0,9013
22,5	0,8018	0,8117	0,8217	0,8317	0,8417	0,8516	0,8616	0,8716	0,8816	0,8916	0,9016
23,0	0,8021	0,8121	0,8220	0,8320	0,8420	0,8520	0,8620	0,8719	0,8819	0,8919	0,9019
23,5	0,8025	0,8124	0,8224	0,8323	0,8423	0,8523	0,8623	0,8723	0,8823	0,8922	0,9022
24,0	0,8028	0,8128	0,8227	0,8327	0,8427	0,8526	0,8626	0,8726	0,8826	0,8926	0,9026
24,5	0,8032	0,8131	0,8231	0,8330	0,8430	0,8530	0,8629	0,8729	0,8829	0,8929	0,9029
25,0	0,8035	0,8134	0,8234	0,8334	0,8433	0,8533	0,8633	0,8732	0,8832	0,8932	0,9032
25,5	0,8038	0,8138	0,8237	0,8337	0,8436	0,8536	0,8636	0,8736	0,8835	0,8935	0,9035
26,0	0,8042	0,8141	0,8241	0,8340	0,8440	0,8539	0,8639	0,8739	0,8839	0,8938	0,9038
26,5	0,8045	0,8145	0,8244	0,8344	0,8443	0,8543	0,8642	0,8742	0,8842	0,8942	0,9041
27,0	0,8049	0,8148	0,8247	0,8347	0,8446	0,8546	0,8646	0,8745	0,8845	0,8945	0,9045
27,5	0,8052	0,8152	0,8251	0,8350	0,8450	0,8549	0,8649	0,8748	0,8848	0,8948	0,9048
28,0	0,8056	0,8155	0,8254	0,8354	0,8453	0,8552	0,8652	0,8752	0,8851	0,8951	0,9051
28,5	0,8059	0,8158	0,8257	0,8357	0,8456	0,8556	0,8655	0,8755	0,8855	0,8954	0,9054
29,0	0,8063	0,8162	0,8261	0,8360	0,8459	0,8559	0,8658	0,8758	0,8858	0,8957	0,9057
29,5	0,8066	0,8165	0,8264	0,8363	0,8463	0,8562	0,8662	0,8761	0,8861	0,8961	0,9060
30,0	0,8070	0,8169	0,8268	0,8367	0,8466	0,8565	0,8665	0,8764	0,8864	0,8964	0,9064
30,5	0,8073	0,8172	0,8271	0,8370	0,8469	0,8569	0,8668	0,8768	0,8867	0,8967	0,9067
31,0	0,8076	0,8175	0,8274	0,8373	0,8473	0,8572	0,8671	0,8771	0,8870	0,8970	0,9070
31,5	0,8080	0,8179	0,8278	0,8377	0,8476	0,8575	0,8675	0,8774	0,8874	0,8973	0,9073
32,0	0,8083	0,8182	0,8281	0,8380	0,8479	0,8578	0,8678	0,8777	0,8877	0,8976	0,9076
32,5	0,8087	0,8185	0,8284	0,8383	0,8482	0,8582	0,8681	0,8780	0,8880	0,8980	0,9079
33,0	0,8090	0,8189	0,8288	0,8387	0,8486	0,8585	0,8684	0,8784	0,8883	0,8983	0,9083
33,5	0,8094	0,8192	0,8291	0,8390	0,8489	0,8588	0,8687	0,8787	0,8886	0,8986	0,9086
34,0	0,8097	0,8196	0,8294	0,8393	0,8492	0,8591	0,8691	0,8790	0,8890	0,8989	0,9089
34,5	0,8100	0,8199	0,8298	0,8396	0,8495	0,8595	0,8694	0,8793	0,8893	0,8992	0,9092
35,0	0,8104	0,8202	0,8301	0,8400	0,8499	0,8598	0,8697	0,8796	0,8896	0,8995	0,9095
35,5	0,8107	0,8206	0,8304	0,8403	0,8502	0,8601	0,8700	0,8800	0,8899	0,8999	0,9098
36,0	0,8111	0,8209	0,8308	0,8406	0,8505	0,8604	0,8703	0,8803	0,8902	0,9002	0,9102
36,5	0,8114	0,8212	0,8311	0,8410	0,8508	0,8607	0,8707	0,8806	0,8905	0,9005	0,9105
37,0	0,8117	0,8216	0,8314	0,8413	0,8512	0,8611	0,8710	0,8809	0,8909	0,9008	0,9108
37,5	0,8121	0,8219	0,8317	0,8416	0,8515	0,8614	0,8713	0,8812	0,8912	0,9011	0,9111
38,0	0,8124	0,8222	0,8321	0,8419	0,8518	0,8617	0,8716	0,8815	0,8915	0,9014	0,9114
38,5	0,8128	0,8226	0,8324	0,8423	0,8521	0,8620	0,8719	0,8819	0,8918	0,9017	0,9117
39,0	0,8131	0,8229	0,8327	0,8426	0,8525	0,8624	0,8723	0,8822	0,8921	0,9021	0,9120
39,5	0,8134	0,8232	0,8331	0,8429	0,8528	0,8627	0,8726	0,8825	0,8924	0,9024	0,9124
40,0	0,8138	0,8236	0,8334	0,8432	0,8531	0,8630	0,8729	0,8828	0,8927	0,9027	0,9127
40,5	0,8141	0,8239	0,8337	0,8436	0,8534	0,8633	0,8732	0,8831	0,8931	0,9030	0,9130
41,0	0,8144	0,8242	0,8340	0,8439	0,8538	0,8636	0,8735	0,8834	0,8934	0,9033	0,9133
41,5	0,8148	0,8246	0,8344	0,8442	0,8541	0,8640	0,8738	0,8838	0,8937	0,9036	0,9136
42,0	0,8151	0,8249	0,8347	0,8445	0,8544	0,8643	0,8742	0,8841	0,8940	0,9040	0,9139
42,5	0,8154	0,8252	0,8350	0,8449	0,8547	0,8646	0,8745	0,8844	0,8943	0,9043	0,9142
43,0	0,8158	0,8255	0,8354	0,8452	0,8550	0,8649	0,8748	0,8847	0,8946	0,9046	0,9145
43,5	0,8161	0,8259	0,8357	0,8455	0,8554	0,8652	0,8751	0,8850	0,8949	0,9049	0,9149
44,0	0,8164	0,8262	0,8360	0,8458	0,8557	0,8655	0,8754	0,8853	0,8952	0,9052	0,9152
44,5	0,8168	0,8265	0,8363	0,8461	0,8560	0,8659	0,8757	0,8857	0,8956	0,9055	0,9155
45,0	0,8171	0,8269	0,8367	0,8465	0,8563	0,8662	0,8761	0,8860	0,8959	0,9058	0,9158

Laboratory work No. 3

Oil viscosity

State Scientific Metrological Center
FSUE "All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology"
them. DI. Mendeleev"
(SSMC FSUE “VNIIM named after D.I. Mendeleev”)
Gosstandart of Russia

State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements

OIL DENSITY
Requirements for methods of performing measurements with a hydrometer
during accounting transactions

MI 2153-2004

SAINT PETERSBURG 2003

DEVELOPED	State Scientific Metrological Center Federal State Unitary Enterprise All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Metrology named after. DI. Mendeleev
PERFORMERS	Domostroeva N.G. - Candidate of Technical Sciences, Gershun M.A. - Candidate of Technical Sciences, Snegov V.S. - Candidate of Technical Sciences
DEVELOPED	JSC "IMS Engineering"
PERFORMERS	Kozhurov V.Yu., Ablina L.V., Dvoryashin A.A. - Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Sagdeev R.S.
APPROVED
REGISTERED
In return MI 2153-2001

2.8 Tanks for collecting and transferring oil samples.

2.9 Gasoline solvent according to TU 38.401-67-108.

2.11 Single distilled water according to GOST 6709.

It is allowed to use other measuring instruments and materials that provide density measurements in accordance with this recommendation.

3 Measurement method

3.1 The methodology outlined in this recommendation is used to determine the mass of oil by the indirect method of dynamic and static measurements in the absence or failure of an in-line density converter (in-line DP) and for monitoring in-line DP.

3.2 The essence of the method is to immerse the hydrometer in the test oil sample, take readings on the hydrometer scale at the test temperature and recalculate the hydrometer readings to the temperature and pressure at which the volume of oil is determined. When monitoring in-line PPs, the hydrometer readings are recalculated to the temperature and pressure of the oil in the density meter at the time of sampling for control.

4 Safety, environmental and operator qualification requirements

When measuring oil density, the following safety requirements are observed:

4.1 The room for measuring oil density in terms of fire hazard is classified as category A. It meets the requirements of the “Fire Safety Rules for Industrial Enterprises” approved by the Main Fire Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

4.2 The room is equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation devices and fume hoods. Persons performing measurements are provided with personal protective equipment.

4.3 Highly flammable testing and flushing liquids are placed in metal cans for storing petroleum products. Canisters are placed in rooms or metal cabinets specially designed for storing petroleum products.

4.4 Persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone safety training and have studied the operational documentation for the measuring instruments used and this recommendation are allowed to carry out measurements.

5 Measurement conditions and preparation for measurements

5.1 All measuring instruments used have been verified and have valid verification certificates or verification stamps.

5.2 Measurements are carried out in a unit for measuring oil quality parameters (BIK) or in the premises of a testing (analytical) laboratory.

5.3 When performing measurements, the following conditions must be observed:

5.4 If the temperature of the oil sample before filling the measuring cylinder differs from the ambient temperature by more than 3 °C, use a thermally insulated, thermostatically controlled cylinder or one built into the pipeline.

5.6 Filling a measuring cylinder or other container during sampling, packaging and testing is carried out in a closed manner using a tube lowered to the bottom.

5.7 Before carrying out measurements, the oil sample in a sample receiver or other vessel is mixed without breaking the seal (the capacity of the container and the volume of the sample taken allow for uniform mixing).

5.8 Hydrometers, cylinders, sample receivers and other equipment used are washed with nefras or hot water and dried in air.

6 Taking measurements

7.6 The result of oil density measurements is taken to be the value calculated in accordance with clause . Numbers are written and rounded to four significant figures.

State Scientific Metrological Center
FSUE All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology
them. DI. Mendeleev"
(SSMC FSUE “VNIIM named after D.I. Mendeleev”)
Gosstandart of Russia

State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements

OIL DENSITY
Requirements for methods of performing measurements with a hydrometer
during accounting transactions

MI 2153-2004

SAINT PETERSBURG 2003

DEVELOPED	State Scientific Metrological Center Federal State Unitary Enterprise All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Metrology named after. DI. Mendeleev
PERFORMERS	Domostroeva N.G. - Candidate of Technical Sciences, Gershun M.A. - Candidate of Technical Sciences, Snegov V.S. - Candidate of Technical Sciences
DEVELOPED	JSC "IMS Engineering"
PERFORMERS	Kozhurov V.Yu., Ablina L.V., Dvoryashin A.A. - Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Sagdeev R.S.
APPROVED
REGISTERED
In return MI 2153-2001

2.8 Tanks for collecting and transferring oil samples.

2.9 Gasoline solvent according to TU 38.401-67-108.

2.11 Single distilled water according to GOST 6709.

It is allowed to use other measuring instruments and materials that provide density measurements in accordance with this recommendation.

3 Measurement method

3.1 The methodology outlined in this recommendation is used to determine the mass of oil by the indirect method of dynamic and static measurements in the absence or failure of an in-line density converter (in-line DP) and for monitoring in-line DP.

3.2 The essence of the method is to immerse the hydrometer in the test oil sample, take readings on the hydrometer scale at the test temperature and recalculate the hydrometer readings to the temperature and pressure at which the volume of oil is determined. When monitoring in-line PPs, the hydrometer readings are recalculated to the temperature and pressure of the oil in the density meter at the time of sampling for control.

4 Safety, environmental and operator qualification requirements

When measuring oil density, the following safety requirements are observed:

4.1 The room for measuring oil density in terms of fire hazard is classified as category A. It meets the requirements of the “Fire Safety Rules for Industrial Enterprises” approved by the Main Fire Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

4.2 The room is equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation devices and fume hoods. Persons performing measurements are provided with personal protective equipment.

4.3 Highly flammable testing and flushing liquids are placed in metal cans for storing petroleum products. Canisters are placed in rooms or metal cabinets specially designed for storing petroleum products.

4.4 Persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone safety training and have studied the operational documentation for the measuring instruments used and this recommendation are allowed to carry out measurements.

5 Measurement conditions and preparation for measurements

5.1 All measuring instruments used have been verified and have valid verification certificates or verification stamps.

5.2 Measurements are carried out in the unit for measuring oil quality parameters (BIK) or in the premises of the testing (analytical) laboratory.

5.3 When performing measurements, the following conditions must be observed:

5.4 If the temperature of the oil sample before filling the measuring cylinder differs from the ambient temperature by more than 3 °C, use a thermally insulated, thermostatically controlled cylinder or one built into the pipeline.

5.6 Filling a measuring cylinder or other container during sampling, packaging and testing is carried out in a closed manner using a tube lowered to the bottom.

5.7 Before carrying out measurements, the oil sample in a sample receiver or other vessel is mixed without breaking the seal (the capacity of the container and the volume of the sample taken allow for uniform mixing).

5.8 Hydrometers, cylinders, sample receivers and other equipment used are washed with nefras or hot water and dried in air.

6 Taking measurements

7.6 The result of oil density measurements is taken to be the value calculated in accordance with clause . Numbers are written and rounded to four significant figures.

Determination of density of oil and petroleum products

The objective of the workshop is to develop in students a clear and consistent understanding of various methods for determining the density of oil and petroleum products, processing the results obtained and comparing them with the density that meets the requirements of GOSTs and technical specifications of petroleum products and passports of the studied oils.

Laboratory work No. 1 (6 hours)

Determination of relative density with a hydrometer (GOST R 51069-97) and calculation of density in API degrees

Goal of the work: experimental determination of the relative density of oil and liquid petroleum products using a hydrometer, calculation of density in API degrees and comparison of the obtained density data with the requirements of the technical specifications for the petroleum product or with the quality certificate for a specific batch of oil.

Job objectives:

1. master the technique of determining the relative density of oil and liquid petroleum products using a hydrometer;

3. compare the obtained and processed results with the requirements of the technical specifications for the petroleum product or with the quality certificate for a specific batch of oil.

Density, relative density (specific gravity) or API gravity is a factor determining the quality of crude oil and petroleum products, necessary for converting measured volumes into volumes at standard temperature during settlement operations for export deliveries of petroleum and petroleum products. International crude oil prices are often listed alongside API gravity values.

This method for determining density, relative density (specific gravity) or API gravity using a glass hydrometer is applicable to crude oils, petroleum products, mixtures of petroleums and liquid petroleum products with a Reid vapor pressure (GOST 1756) of 179 kPa or less.

Equipment, materials and reagents:

· glass hydrometers, graduated in units of density, relative density (specific gravity) or density in API degrees, hydrometers for oil according to GOST 18481;

• glass thermometers for testing petroleum products type TIN-5 according to GOST 400 (when using AN hydrometers) or mercury glass laboratory thermometers type TL-4 No. 2 and 3. Thermometers must be calibrated for full immersion;
• hydrometer cylinder made of transparent glass, plastic or metal. To facilitate pouring, the cylinder may have a spout on the rim. The height of the cylinder must be such that the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the hydrometer is at least 25 mm. Plastics used for the manufacture of hydrometer cylinders must be resistant to discoloration and exposure to petroleum samples and should not become cloudy after prolonged exposure to sunlight or exposure to petroleum samples;
• thermostat or water bath to maintain the temperature with an error of no more than 0.2°C.

Preparing for the test. Sampling is carried out in accordance with GOST R 51069-97. Depending on the properties of the product being tested, the sample is brought to the test temperature indicated in Table 3. In cases not provided for in the table, the sample of the product being tested is kept at ambient temperature until this temperature is reached.

Table 3 - Test conditions and temperatures