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Zero work cycle. Zero-cycle construction work

The future of a cozy living room with a fireplace and ficus on the windowsill begins with an unsightly pit and piles of land along its edges. In the language of builders, this pit is called the "zero cycle." The zero stage of construction can be divided into three stages: digging a pit, if it is a continuous foundation slab, and trenches, if we are talking about a strip foundation, laying communications and filling the foundation itself. You must also bear in mind the need for soil transportation, laying of pipelines and cable network, backfilling of the soil.

In a well-designed plan of the site, its boundaries will be indicated. On the ground, it can be boundary stones or pegs. They will serve as a guide for the location of the house.

Before the start of all construction work, the fertile layer of land with vegetation should be removed. This layer of humus is an excellent material for further breakdown of the garden. Usually it is removed with a thickness of 10-20 cm and stored separately. I note that the heaps of humus should not be higher than 2 m. In addition, I recommend removing valuable land from access roads and storage places for building materials. Then you can begin to determine the contours of the house and mark the foundation.

At a right angle from the boundary stones, measure the distances to the corners of the future home and hammer the pegs. From the obtained angles draw lines indicating the place of future walls. Regardless of the terrain, measurements should be taken horizontally. If the slope is steep, use a professional geodetic level. The permissible slope angle for construction on sand and pebbles is 40 °, on clay and loam - 6 °, on rocky soil - 8 °. The contours of the future home are indicated with the help of boards, screws and cords.

We will consider the foundation on the example of the construction of a monolithic strip reinforced concrete foundation as the most common and universal in modern construction  individual houses.

Along the designated contours of the house and walls, digging of the trench begins. If the project of the house provides for a basement, at the same stage a pit is dug, the bottom of which is sprinkled with sand, rammed, watered. At the stage of preparing the pillows for the foundation stage earthworks  ends.

When digging a trench, it’s important to remember that there should be a load-free strip at the edges, minimum width which is 50 cm. Neither the excavated earth nor construction material. Otherwise, there is a danger of collapse.

Using center axes, a plumb line and a cord, marking the corners of the house is transferred to the bottom of the trench. According to this marking, formwork for the foundation is subsequently assembled. Between the formwork and the slope of the trench, it is important to leave the so-called working space so that the boards can be taken out after concreting.

Formwork is built in place from available materials. As a rule, this is a pine edged board 2-2.5 cm thick (Fig. 4.9).

When constructing the formwork, it is important not to lose sight of the fact that the concrete mass that fills the volume presses the walls with great force, and the more ductile the mass, the greater this pressure. It must be ensured that the deformation of the formwork is minimal.

During construction on complex soils (wet clay, sandy loam), before sanding the foundation, a sand cushion is placed underneath it, which prevents the soil from swelling and the possible destruction of the foundation. Sand for the "pillow" is poured onto the bottom of the trench (pit) with a layer of 10-15 cm and compacted in the wet state. Certain difficulties may arise when leveling a sand cushion - the height difference should not reach 1 cm. One of the proposed alignment options may be to use guides made of reinforcement, which, using a level, are clogged into the bottom of the foundation pit to a certain depth. Then you can fill the sand no higher than the guides, and move the excesses with a specially prepared large mop.

Very often a layer of rubble is laid at the bottom of the pit, which violates the capillary mechanisms of water penetration and neutralizes its destructive effect. The rubble layer should be carefully compacted and covered with a film of waterproofing material, and a thin (sanitary) layer of concrete, on which the reinforcement is laid, should be poured on top. It is absolutely certain that when creating reliable waterproofing, crushed stone, film and concrete are the best solution, but also the most labor-intensive. If the soil allows, then a thick film of artificial material (0.3-0.6 mm) or a pile cloth is used as protection against dampness. In this case, there is no need for crushed stone and sanitary concrete layer. At strip foundations  the film on cm should hang in the pit, but the bottom of the whole pit should not be covered. If the foundation is a monolithic slab, then the film panel should be wound from the inside up to 10 cm up the formwork and fasten the film with nails.

Concrete is poured into the formwork in one or several stages, depending on the technological base that you have, the terrain and the project of the house. If the relief is complex, then you can not do without a stepped foundation and a basement so that the walls of the building begin at the same horizontal level (Fig. 4.10).

The width of the base "pillow" may increase depending on bearing capacity  soil and loads. From the "cushion" are made rebar releases, to which the reinforcing cage of the main foundation will be mounted. The continuation of the frame is best welded to these protruding pins after the first layer of the foundation has hardened. If welding is not used, the fittings should be tied with wire.

The reinforcing bars at their intersections are also welded or firmly bonded with steel wire 1-2 mm thick. Vertical rods are tied around the perimeter, so that an equal distance between them is preserved along the entire height. Joints in the overlap should not be in one place - they are positioned with an offset. Reinforcing bars should be evenly distributed vertically and horizontally throughout the entire volume of the future foundation. For the exact location of the reinforcement, it is fixed with spacers (Fig. 4-11).

Particular attention should be paid to the strength of the frame in the corners of the foundation. If the foundation, which goes into the base, has a complex multi-stage shape, then the reinforcing cage and formwork will have to be mounted in several stages. At the same time, we must not forget that after each stage of pouring, reinforcement rods should remain outside, to which the continuation of the frame will be attached.

After the reinforcement cage is completed, the formwork is built. If the foundation (base) is stepped, the formwork sections are mounted so that each finished horizontal fragment is poured at a time.

Formwork before pouring concrete is strengthened both externally and internally. The stops on the outside help withstand the pressure of the solution. Internal struts retain the formwork design, do not allow it to deform under the action of external stops (Fig. 4.12).

All internal vertical surfaces of the formwork are aligned with a plumb line (level).

Obviously, no external stops adequately provide the formwork strength sufficient to withstand the bursting pressure of the solution. Therefore, in practice, a solution has long been found - to somehow tighten the opposite walls of the formwork. If the height of the formwork is insignificant, up to half a meter, then on the top they simply nail up strips that do not allow the walls to diverge, and they are placed not parallel, but at an angle to each other.

For high foundations and socles, the best solution is to tighten the bars of the opposite walls with steel wire with a diameter of 2-5 mm (Fig. 4.13).

The wire is threaded through the space of the future foundation horizontally from the beam to the beam with a ring, fixed by twisting from the outside and stretched by twisting in the center. Before pouring, the formwork is checked for cracks and holes, for example, from knots that have fallen out. Such defects are eliminated.

The reinforced concrete foundation is a conductor of electric current. Therefore, you should take care of its grounding. This is mandatory before concreting. Grounding is a closed ring made of galvanized steel strip. It is placed either in steel reinforcement or at the base of the outer side of the foundation. At the corners where the metal pipes of the rain gutter and the connection of the lightning rod are provided, the connecting busbars are highly bent. The same iron bus should also appear in the room for grounding on it all metal parts inside the house and electrical wiring.

The foundation is poured in layers, and sometimes, if a complex step foundation is being erected, in parts or sections. The individual sections are separated by transverse walls. The solution in each section can also be poured in layers.

The foundation usually requires a large volume of mortar, which is very difficult to prepare on your own, even with a concrete mixer. In this case, it is optimal to use the finished solution delivered by the concrete truck.

The amount of concrete needed to fill the foundation is calculated by multiplying the area of \u200b\u200bthe foundation enclosed by the formwork by its height.

To drain the solution, a portable gutter from the boards is used (Fig. 4.14).

With the help of the trough, all the separate sections of the formwork are filled in turn, or, if it is not divided into sections, the total volume is filled from several places, leveling each layer.

As mentioned above, the foundation is poured in layers, and each layer must be bayoneted, that is, repeatedly pierced to the entire depth with a steel sharpened rod with a diameter of 1-1.5 cm For uniform distribution of the solution and complete flow around the reinforcing cage. It is important that all reinforcement be closed with concrete at least 5 cm and concrete fill the entire space between the reinforcement and the walls of the formwork.

When the foundation plate is installed, it is pumped into the foundation pit. Then the mass of concrete is distributed using the rule, compacted with a vibrator. You can take such a deep vibrator at the rental of construction vehicles, but there must be a current source on the site to connect it. Vibration reduces the adhesion between the grains of the concrete mixture, and it is well compacted. The duration of the vibrations depends on the plasticity of the concrete mixture. Excessive vibration of the concrete mixture is unacceptable, as it can lead to its delamination. In the absence of a deep vibrator, we use the method of baying with a rod or a shovel.

The laid concrete mixture should be maintained, observing the appropriate temperature and humidity conditions (+ 18-25 ° C), protected from shock, shock. Freshly laid concrete is protected from the effects of wind, frost and direct sunlight. To maintain the temperature and humidity conditions in the summer, freshly laid concrete is covered with moisture-resistant coatings (matting, burlap, dense fabric, sawdust, etc.) and watered. In hot weather, water and formwork are watered. The frequency of irrigation of concrete coatings depends on specific climatic conditions, but in any case, it must be such that the surface of the concrete is in a wet state. The setting process of concrete lasts a rather long time. However, the most important period of time is considered the first week after concreting. During this period, concrete must not be allowed to dry quickly, especially under the rays of the scorching sun. Concrete quickly loses moisture from the action of sunlight or from the wind and cracks appear in its mass.

After the concrete has completely hardened, the formwork is removed. The protruding ends of the wire, which the walls of the formwork are pulled together, are cut flush with the surface.

Mow the edge of the foundation - this will facilitate the work of waterproofing.

The work of the zero cycle is the initial stage of any construction. It includes a complex of construction works to prepare the site and access roads, as well as mechanization facilities. In addition, work on the floor level of the first floor, and underground work.

The composition of the zero cycle is usually as follows: the layout of the site (vertical) is made, external communications and paths are laid out - temporary and permanent. As well as work is being done on digging a pit, removing soil and disposing of it. The foundation of the building is under construction, waterproofing of underground facilities is carried out.

First you need to decide what type of foundation the building will have. It depends on the features of the soil on the site and other geological conditions. There are 2 types of foundations - deepened to a depth of about 20 cm and deepened to a depth above the level of freezing of the soil. During the construction of the foundation of earthwork can not be avoided. It is important not only to dig a pit, but also to preserve the natural layer of soil. In the future, this will help to avoid the cost of purchasing soil to level the site to a certain level.

The development of pits is a work that includes not only digging directly, but also groundwater abstraction, waterproofing and soil removal. Work is carried out using special equipment - for example, jcb wheeled excavators. The JCB company, which is their manufacturer, is one of the leaders in the construction equipment market. She has been known for over 50 years. There is also a wheeled excavator, models Volvo EW 180B: its operating weight is 17.7-19.8 tons, an excavator bucket with a capacity of 0.42-1.1 cubic meters, digging to a depth of 6.4 m as much as possible, digging 9.6 m with a maximum radius, unloading to a maximum height of 6.6 m, engine power, hp / kW162 / 119, its transport speed, km / h3.8 / 35.0, working tool - in the form of a backhoe, overall dimensions mm 8520-8785x2550x2960-4000. Another type of excavator is a crawler excavator combined with a Volvo hydraulic hammer. Its parameters are as follows: Cummins B8.3-C engine, operating power - 125 kW, bucket of 1.45 cubic meters. maximum, there is the possibility of lifting loads up to 9000 kg, digging radius - not more than 10300 mm, digging to a depth of 7000 mm is possible maximum, breaking force - 151.1 kN, weight - 23900 - 24800 kg.

In addition to conventional construction equipment (dump trucks, excavators, loaders), there is still additional attachment. This is a hydraulic hammer, leveling bucket, trawl (tractor with semitrailer).

Counterparties

Comments

    Zero cycle - the beginning of future construction. This is when construction is laid. A site is planned, communications are being laid, a pit is being dug, soil is being transported.
      Zero-cycle operations are completed when the underground part and utilities are built.

    Maybe you have it, but in our city they are building differently, and what’s most interesting is not to understand where the zero cycle is and where the construction is completed. If I develop my thought further, I will say. We are building a lot, not high-rise buildings, but still. Some people like to build it, they will dismantle a five-story panel house in one place, bring it and build several one-story houses. The foundation is dug, you’ll admire, they will make a ditch strictly under the reinforced concrete slab and build, according to the principle of the designer. They immediately begin laying the walls and the roof, and only then they remove the soil from the building itself, the one that initially remained inside the building. And the final stage is the laying of utility networks. Here is a construction you have not seen anywhere?

    At the beginning of any construction, a construction site is prepared, access roads to it, mechanization equipment, as well as underground work to the level of the 1st floor.
      Communications, driving directions: both permanent and temporary, are laid.
      It is simply impossible to begin construction without this. The work of the zero cycle is completed when the underground part is erected and all engineering networks are summed up.

It starts on the ground with a zero cycle. This concept covers several main types of work:

  • digging and arrangement of a foundation pit or trench;
  • laying (water supply, sewerage, cable channels, etc.);
  • arrangement;
  • transportation and backfilling  soil.


Land marking

The zero cycle begins with the preparation of the site plan, determining the boundaries of the site and the place where the house will be located.


Removing soil under the future home


Before you outline the contours of the house and begin marking the foundation, on the site where it will be located, remove the fertile soil layer with vegetation. As a rule, the humus layer has a thickness of up to 20 cm, it is poured in heaps up to 2 meters high. In addition, it is recommended to remove the soil from the places where building materials will be stored, construction machinery and equipment to be installed or moved.

Foundation pit


After marking the contours of the house and walls with pegs and laces, digging a pit or trench is carried out. For safety reasons, to minimize the risk of a collapse at their edges, leave a strip of land, free of loads, not less than half a meter wide.

Foundation formwork


At the bottom of the pit or trench, a pillow is poured out of sand or a sand-gravel mixture. It is rammed and spilled with water. The marking of the house with the help of a cord, a plumb line and center axes is transferred to the bottom of the pit.

Based on this marking, a formwork for the foundation is being constructed, while there should be enough space between the slope of the foundation pit and the formwork for dismantling the formwork. Formwork is most often made from a solid edged board. To counter the pressure of concrete, it is strengthened with external stops and internal struts to prevent deformation.

Pouring concrete

After this, waterproofing is carried out using various film materials and a reinforcing cage is constructed. Concrete can be poured in one or several stages.

The concrete mass is compacted with a vibrating tool. The laid concrete mass is maintained in compliance with certain conditions in terms of temperature and humidity. During this period, it needs to be protected from direct sunlight. At the end, the formwork is removed and the backfilling of the soil is carried out.


In general, we can say that the construction of country houses does not begin with the construction of walls, it requires a significant amount of work of the zero cycle, the result of which is a reliable basis for the future structure.

Larisa Georgievna Bakanova

I have a house in a village in the Volkhov district. It was necessary to repair the roof and install drainpipes and gutters.
Turned to the company "Top Stroy." The measurer promptly drove to the object, made all the necessary measurements. The next day, an agreement and an estimate were ready. Material delivered quality on time. The work was done quickly, the master roofers were wonderful, their hands were “golden”, they were professionals, it was easy to communicate, constructively resolving all issues. Work with galvanized iron is difficult, done perfectly, I am very pleased, the roof is beautiful, the gutters look great. I am very pleased. I recommend this company to everyone.

Sincerely, L.G. Bakanova 06/05/2013

Leningrad region, Volkhov district, village Seliverstovo, private house

Galkin Petr Ivanovich

For restoration and replacement of the roof of a country house, he turned to Verkh Stroy (I found information and reviews about them on the Internet).

Roof repair work was a success. The attitude of the brigade of workers to the fulfillment of contractual obligations and the quality of work performed at a good level. Thank!

LO, Vsevolozhsk district, pos. Priyutino, Gardening "Granite", country house

Andrey Anatolievich Mishchenko

We contacted the Verkh Stroy company regarding emergency roof insulation. The work was completed quickly and efficiently and delivered on time, as agreed. The team worked Russian. Communication is business and polite. To everyone who is looking for real professionals, I recommend this company! Thank you very much!

Leningrad region, rn Priozersky, settlement Torfyanoe, private cottage

Chairman of the Board of the HOA "Graftio" Ischenko Svetlana Nikolaevna

In September 2012, a repair need appeared in the Homeowners' Graftio soft roof  on an area of \u200b\u200b70 sq.m. Considered 6 (six) contractors, incl. "Top Story."
At our request, the Master Chernykh V.Yu. An on-site examination of the roof was carried out and a commercial proposal was promptly drawn up, which completely suited us.
Roofing was directly supervised by Poknya I.M.
The work was completed in full, quickly and efficiently. No more leaks are observed.
Our Homeowners Association is grateful to Verkh Stroy and we look forward to further cooperation.

Multi-storey residential building, St. Petersburg, Graftio street, 3

Tumilyanis Andrey Vladimirovich

Thank you for the service. The roof was leaking. TechnoNIKOL was repaired by surfaced material. On an old bituminous tile, a new layer of 130 m2 was deposited. Very fast. Communicate politely. Punctuality is super! All is well, thanks for the work!
10/11/2012
Leningrad Region p. Volodarsky, private cottage

Natalya Anatolyevna Lobasova

The work of the masters of the company “Top Stroy” I rated at 5 +. Worked quickly (two days), efficiently, accurately. I am very pleased with the work done. Pleasant in communication. Work in any weather conditions. I’m better than the masters, I think I wouldn’t find.
Roof covering ondulin 85 m2.

mn Berndgardovka, country house.

Repair of the roof (roof) of the container was completed without comment and on time. I have no complaints about the quality.
09/01/2012
Chudinovskikh V.A. Mechanic Amron

Malysheva Nadezhda Viktorovna

In August 2012 We contacted the Verkh Stroy company regarding the repair of the roof of a country house by going to their website and sending a preliminary application. I wanted to find competent specialists. Everything that was offered to us before that, guarded us with an unprofessional approach. On the first working day, the company manager called and acquainted with the cost of the work and sent the contract. The Master promptly left for the place, took into account all our wishes and professionally and unobtrusively advised us to correct them. We all decided on the spot. The next day, a new contract was ready.

The company promptly purchased and delivered the material. A professional Russian team on time and efficiently completed the dismantling of the slate, the repair of the battens, the installation of metal tiles, the installation of gutters and the waste was carefully stored.
I had to work in the rainy season, but I was especially pleased that the company shelters the house in any weather for the night with an awning, removing any tension from the customer.
We were satisfied.
Sincerely, N. Malysheva
Country cooperative Sosnovy Bor.

Alexey Alexandrovich Shiryaev

I turned to the company "Top Stroy" to block the roof of the country house 237 m2. The possible types of work were explained very intelligibly and constructively. Together with the master, we chose the most optimal option from the point of view of “price-quality”.

Verkh Stroy took over all the organizational work, coordination and delivery of the material.
The installation of the roofing was carried out in an agreed time frame.
Competent specialists and the manager are focused on the result and on the fact that their work is sure to please the Customer.
Thank you so much!

Replacing the old slate with shingles at the cottage village. LO ends

Kirill Stepanovich Golubev

Thank you for your diligent work. The roof was made quickly and efficiently, the roofing material was removed, the crate was repaired and the corrugated board was laid. They met in two weeks, as agreed.

Private house, p. Luzhki LO

Maria Gougel

We turned to the company "Verkh Stroy" to sort out the roof at the cottage 82 m2. They removed the old slate and made an ondulin coating. Now you can open the season. The prices are reasonable. The most advantageous offer that I have found. They were afraid that migrant workers would come, but the Russian guys worked. You are just great! Thank!

Gardening "Dvizhenets" of the Kirov region of LO

The calculation and design of the foundation should always be carried out on the basis of many factors and, of course, given the natural and climatic conditions.

Let's start with geological analysis. Anyone will agree that the time has passed when one could say today: “We are building here!”, And tomorrow we will get down to business. Nowadays, geological analysis at the zero cycle is one of the most important stages of construction. Firstly, you just need to know what you are building on, if only because this will determine how you will begin construction. Secondly, after conducting a geological analysis, you can determine what type of foundation your building should have, and, importantly, how much this base will cost you. Quite often there are cases when, after geological research, developers are forced to look for another site, since the cost of building the foundation on the selected site is unreasonably high. Thirdly, information about the property of the site on which you plan to build something can save your building from cracks, and your reputation from shame.

Layout of the base of the building. If at other stages of construction everything is more or less clear, then the foundation of any building is structurally the most basic part of the house, and maximum attention should be paid to its construction. Today, when building a foundation, many details must be taken into account: from the weather characteristics of the region and the geological features of the site, to the banal financial preferences of the customer. The cost of the foundation can cost the developer from 5 to 15 percent of the total amount for the construction. It is such a large gap that creates the temptation to save on the foundation. We do not recommend this to you at all, but we do not recommend building the base of the building in the most expensive, and perhaps unnecessary way for your site. It is better to approach this issue wisely, consult with specialists, discuss all possible alternatives and make the right decision.

You can also list several more stages of construction, which are generally included in the zero cycle:

Laying communications, outdoor or underground.
- Establishing temporary and permanent access roads to the building.
- Installation of site lighting.
- Digging a pit.
- Foundation construction
- Production of sidewalks
- The construction of tower cranes.