Electrics 

Using additional sources, create a diagram yourself. Using additional sources of geographic information, prepare a report on the use of modern computers. Online and off-line maps

1. Define the concept.
Modern biology is a set of natural sciences that study life as a special form of existence of matter.

2. Fill out the table.

The contribution of scientists to the development of biology

3. Name the scientists who made a significant contribution to the development of genetics.
G. Mendel, G. de Vries, T. Morgan, J. Watson and F. Crick.

4. Fill out the table.

Relationship between biology and other sciences


5. Explain why the solution to many modern problems of mankind is associated with the development of biology. What problems do you think can be solved first by biology?
Conservation of nature, prevention of environmental disaster, creation of biologically active substances and medicines for the treatment of fatal diseases and hereditary diseases, selection at the cellular level, etc.

6. Write what the following sciences study.
Botany- plants.
Zoology– animals.
Ichthyology– fish.
Entomology – insects.
Taxonomy – diversity of living organisms.

7. What natural sciences that make up biology arose at the end of the 20th century?
Biotechnology, genetic engineering

8. Solve the crossword puzzle “History of Biology.”


9. Using additional sources of information, determine what is being studied:
Bryology- science of mosses.
Mycology– the science of mushrooms.
Paleobotany – the science of fossil plants.
Algology– the science of algae.

10. Make up the names of the sciences yourself:
Theriology- a branch of zoology that studies mammals;
Anatomy- science of man;
Lichenology - science that studies lichens;
Histology- a branch of morphology that studies the tissues of multicellular animals.

11. Cognitive task.
Dendrology - a branch of botany that studies woody plants. The branch of dendrology that reconstructs past climatic conditions using tree rings is called dendroclimatology. Try to give a name to the scientific discipline whose task is to date historical events and natural phenomena by analyzing the growth rings of wood.
Answer: Dendrochronology.

12. Before you are four blocks of data: “Name”, “Last name”, “Lifetime”, “Country”. Selecting one element from each block, fill in the rows in the table, arranging in chronological order information about the scientists who contributed to the development of biology.
Name: Andreas, Georges, Robert, Alexander, Claudius, Karl, William, Ivan, Gregor, Theodore.
Surname: Cuvier, Galen, Mendel, Vesalius, Harvey, Sechenov, Fleming, Koch, Schwann, Linnaeus.
Lifetime: II century BC e., XIX century, XVI-XVII centuries, XVIII-XIX centuries, XVI century, XIX-XX centuries, XIX century, XVIII century, XIX-XX centuries, XIX-XX centuries. Country: England, Italy, Germany, Ancient Roman Empire, Russia, Sweden, England, Germany, France, Austria.


13. Formulate and write down the main ideas of § 1.1.
Modern biology is a set of natural sciences that study life as a special form of existence of matter. Science goes back to ancient times. The following outstanding scientists played a major role in the development of biology as a science:
Aristotle, Claudius Galen, William Harvey, Carl Linnaeus, Karl Baer, ​​Jean Baptiste Lamarck, Georges Cuvier, T. Schwann and M. Schleiden, Charles Darwin, G. Mendel, I. Mechnikov and L. Pasteur, I. Pavlov, V. I. Vernadsky, J. Watson and F. Crick and many others. These great people lived at different times (from the 2nd century BC to the present day) and made discoveries that were important for the existence of mankind.
Today biology is a collection of sciences. It is divided into complex sciences: botany, zoology, anatomy and physiology. Then, narrower disciplines were formed, such as arachnology, ichthyology, embryology, evolution, genetics, etc. In the 20th century, biochemistry, biophysics, and biogeography arose at the border of related disciplines. At the end of the century, molecular biology, biotechnology and cellular genetic engineering appeared. The achievements of these sciences open up broad prospects for the future of humanity.
Today biology is a productive force, by the development of which one can judge the general level of human development.

What principles of relations with other states did Alexander I defend?

In this quote, he declares himself an opponent of aggression, a champion of justice in Europe and a supporter of non-interference in the internal affairs of other states.

What territories were annexed to Russia during the reign of Alexander I?

Finland, Moldavia, Wallachia and part of Galicia.

Compare the conclusions and formulate the problem (author’s version – p. 367).

Question: Alexander I – a conqueror or a peacemaker?

Answer: Alexander I is much more of a peacemaker. During the Napoleonic Wars, Russian regiments fought throughout almost all of Europe and took Paris, but the territories annexed to Russia were small. The creation of the Holy Alliance finally shows the essence of Alexander’s policy. It did not bring benefits to Russia. Moreover, because of him, a brilliant opportunity in Greece was missed; under the terms of the alliance, Russia sent its troops to other states free of charge, incurred military expenses, and received nothing in return. However, the alliance was designed to maintain peace in Europe, so the emperor agreed to it, even initiated it.

Russia mainly sought to retain its lands. However, in some cases, long-standing conflicts remained (for example, with Turkey and Sweden). In these areas, Russia sought to expand its possessions, therefore its policy can be called moderately aggressive, but at that time none of the strong powers adhered to anything else. At that time, the country was either ready to seize other people's lands, or inevitably lost its own.

Using the map on flyleaf 1, identify the countries with which Russia was supposed to interact in different areas of its foreign policy: in Europe, in the “Eastern question”, in the Caucasus, in Central Asia, in the Far East-Pacific.

In the European direction, Russia bordered on Sweden, Prussia and Austria, but interacted in one way or another with all the states of the region, even with the Ragusa Republic (the capital of which, Dubrovnik, on the territory of modern Croatia, was even besieged by Russian troops together with Montenegrin troops in 1806).

In the Caucasian direction we had to interact with Turkey and Persia.

The “Eastern Question” is the decision of the fate of Turkey.

In Central Asia, Russia interacted with Persia, as well as with the Emirate of Bukhara and numerous small states.

In the Far East, China was the main partner, given Japan's self-isolation policy.

On the American continent, Russia interacted with Great Britain and Spain, with whose possessions, respectively, in the territory of modern Canada and California, bordered its possessions (Alaska and Fort Ross). Since 1821, Mexico took the place of Spain, of which California became a part. Also in Hawaii, where the Elizabethan fortress existed for a short time, the Russians interacted with the local kings and the Americans.

According to the diagram on p. 34 determine what units the Russian armed forces consisted of. How were the soldiers and officers of the army formed?

The armed forces consisted of regular and irregular troops, with the former predominant. The officers in the regular units were nobles, both those who graduated from military schools and those who simply enlisted in the regiment, and the soldiers were representatives of the tax-paying classes (mostly peasants) recruited through conscription. The irregular units were made up of Cossacks and foreign servicemen.

The war against Persia of 1804-1813 began as a defense of territories that voluntarily joined Russia, but ended with the entry into the empire of new khanates on the territory of modern Northern Azerbaijan. Therefore, from today’s point of view, it can be called aggressive, but from the point of view of that time, it only led to the annexation of disputed territories.

At the same time, in Europe, Russian troops fought not to expand the territory of their state, but in the interests of other monarchs (for the sake of returning the territory to some and the crowns themselves to others). This war cannot be called aggressive.

Compose a memo on the significance of the Peace of Tilsit from the point of view of French and Russian diplomats. Are there significant differences in their assessment of the events that took place on the banks of the Neman in 1807?

Note from a French diplomat

The negotiations went well. Russia no longer threatens us. Moreover, she joined the continental blockade, which will finally bring Great Britain to its knees. The obi of the emperor showed each other cordial affection. Perhaps the union will even deepen. This will be extremely beneficial for us, as well as for Russia, although Alexander still did not understand this. Russian territory is a springboard for a strike on India, which will greatly weaken Great Britain, and both empires could well share the benefits of victory.

Note from a Russian diplomat

The contract is signed. Russia has not lost much at the moment, but France has gained too much. We recognized all its conquests, the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw, the reduction of Prussian territory, we recognized Bonaparte’s rootless relatives and even his marshals as monarchs. Russia agreed to withdraw its troops from Moldova and Wallachia and renounced its claims to the Ionian Islands. But that's not what's important. Now that we are forced to withdraw from the fight, there is no one to stop the Corsican: the British do not know how to fight on land. In addition, some say that joining the continental blockade will lead to great losses for us.

Comparison

The French rejoiced at the conclusion of this peace and hoped for the expansion of the union, hoping to use Russia in the fight against Great Britain, while the Russians considered this treaty a forced measure to which they were forced by force. Russia initially hoped to not fully comply with the agreements and to terminate them at any opportunity.

Is it possible to recognize Russia’s actions after the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit as aggressive? Explain your opinion.

Russia seized territories that did not previously belong to it, for example, Finland. Therefore, from a modern point of view, it can be called an invader. But from the point of view of the people of that time, it was a struggle for disputed lands. Indeed, the dispute between the Russians and the Swedes for control over the Finns lasted since the times of the Novgorod Republic.

Imagine that you are one of the generals who are sincerely loyal to Napoleon. How would you evaluate Bonaparte's action towards the Duke of Enghien? If you were close to Emperor Alexander I, what would be your opinion on this issue?

Opinion of a Napoleonic general

This deed cannot be called either worthy or glorious, but it was necessary. They say that the Duke was plotting an assassination attempt on our Emperor. In addition, we remain the heirs of the great revolution, we must fight the aristocrats. There are rumors that the Duke was captured as a result of deception. But this lies on the conscience of the performers, not on the honor of France.

Opinion of close Alexander

This is a heinous crime. The murder of a representative of the royal dynasty is always disgusting, but the ancestors of Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon-Condé, Duke of Enghien go back to Saint Louis and Hugo Capet. But in this case it is also senselessly cruel. The Duke was not involved in politics; Bonaparte did not gain anything by shooting him. We need to make him regret this.

Discuss whether, in your opinion, it was possible to resolve the contradictions that arose between Russia and France after the Tilsit agreements through peaceful negotiations? Justify your opinion.

The main contradictions were related to the continental blockade. Russia suffered huge losses because of it, but for Napoleon it was the cornerstone of his policy. These contradictions could only be resolved in one peaceful way - the two countries could enter into a real alliance and together attack the British colonies in India. This would allow Russia to compensate for losses, and France to significantly weaken its main enemy. However, Alexander I would never have gone to war together with the usurper of the throne against the legitimate king. Therefore, the contradictions between the countries were insoluble.

On the website you will find answers to the workbook on geography grade 6 Kartasheva, Kurchin. You can watch and read online (without downloading) on ​​your computer, mobile phone and tablet for free and without SMS

1. Carefully read paragraph 1 of the textbook. Fill the table.

2. In the textbook, Figure 2 (p. 6) shows an ancient globe. Using additional sources of information, find out what he is famous for. Who, when and where created it?

"Earth apple" is the traditional name of the first geographical globe, created by Martin Beheim in Nuremberg in 1492. Martin managed to reflect with its help geographical ideas about the surface of the Earth just on the eve of the discovery of the New World. The map does not show latitude and longitude according to the modern method, but does have the equator, meridians, tropics and images of the zodiac signs.

3. In what areas of human life is geographical knowledge necessary?

1) Weather forecast
2) Urban development planning
3) Warning about dangerous natural phenomena
4) Search for mineral deposits
5) Creation of maps, site plans
6) Planning your own travel routes; terrain orientation

4. What do you think modern geographers do? Is this science necessary in our time? What questions can she study now?

Geographers plan the transformation of open and developed territories and predict the processes occurring on Earth and their consequences. Modern geography is needed because... one might say that it is working for the future.

5. Using various sources of information, prepare a short report about one of the modern travelers. Be sure to indicate what sources of information you used.

Fyodor Filippovich Konyukhov is a very extraordinary person, traveler, writer, priest and extreme sportsman. During his adventurous life, the modern traveler has made more than 40 unique ascents and expeditions.
He expressed his vision of the world and the riot of colors of life in books and paintings. Konyukhov constantly tests his limits, climbs high mountains, crosses seas and oceans, and participates in expeditions to the North and South Pole. This sea captain completed 4 voyages around the world and crossed the Atlantic 15 times. This unique person is considered the first and so far the only one to conquer the five poles of our planet: the pole of relative inaccessibility in the Arctic Ocean; 3 times Northern Geographic; Southern Geographic; Everest; Cape Horn. Fedor made most of his travels alone, but he also willingly takes part in collective expeditions.

1. Why does the compass needle always point north?

The maximum number of Earth's magnetic charges is located at the North and South Magnetic Poles (they do not coincide with the North and South Poles of the geographical area). The compass needle is attracted to the opposite magnetic charges of the Earth's poles, and thus the compass needle always points north, and the other end always points south.

2. Complete task 3 from p. 10 textbook.

3. Why does the change of day and night occur on Earth?

Due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis.

4. Look at the picture and write down in the table the seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres when the Earth is at the indicated points in its orbit.

Why are the seasons different in different hemispheres?

Due to the tilt of the earth's axis. If there were no tilt, there would be no changes in seasons, because... when one hemisphere is facing the Sun, the other, on the contrary, is tilted away from it.

1. In 4 hours the Earth rotates around its axis by:
3) 60⁰

2. In 1 hour the Earth rotates around its axis by:
1) 15⁰

3. The movement of the Earth around its axis is the reason:
2) change of day and night

4. The movement of the Earth around the Sun is the reason:
3) changes in seasons

5. Which of the following causes the change of day and night on Earth?
2) the movement of the Earth around its axis

8. Which statement about the movement of the Earth is true?
3) The change of day and night occurs due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis

9. Which statement about the movement of the Earth is true?
2) The change of seasons occurs due to the movement of the Earth around the Sun

Types of images of the Earth's surface.

3. Draw the symbols yourself.

4. Consider the symbols in the figure. Sign the meaning of each symbol yourself. Test yourself against the atlas and evaluate your work.

Why do you think these symbols were combined into three groups?

Group 1 – vegetation;
Group 2 – hydrography;
Group 3 – settlements and communication routes.

5. Establish a correspondence between the symbols and their meanings.

6. Three mistakes were made when constructing a site plan. Write them out.

The numerical, named and linear scales of the plan are not indicated; It is not written how many meters the horizontal lines are drawn through.

7. Look at the area plan in the figure. Imagine that you are walking along the highway from the village of Berezkino to the village of Rechnoye. List all the objects that you will meet along the way.

Road, bridge, buildings, windmill, silo, machine and tractor, workshop, well, river.

8. Here is a drawing of a section of terrain. Using symbols, make a simple plan of this area.

Write down the names of the symbols that you used when drawing up the area plan.

1. Remember how a numerical scale is translated into a named one, and vice versa – a named scale into a numerical one. Fill the table.


2. Underline the largest scale shown.
1: 100

3. What scale do you think - 1: 1000 or 1: 50000 - will allow you to depict a larger area of ​​terrain on the map?
1: 50000

4. Determine the scale of the plan if a distance on the ground of 1 km is shown on it by a segment 5 cm long.
1: 20000

5. You have to build a plan for a 1 x 1 km area. What scale will you choose? Why?
It is more convenient to take a scale: 1 cm – 100 m, because at this scale, a distance of 1 km would correspond to a line of 10 cm.

6. Draw a straight path 500 m long, taking into account the indicated scales.

7. Study the area plan. Using the site plan, determine:

a) the distance from the forester’s house to the spring
250 m;

b) the distance from the village of Berezkino to the school in the village of Rechnoye in a straight line
800 m;

c) distance along the highway from the railway station to the village of Berezkino
260 m;

d) the area of ​​the orchard located northeast of the village of Rechnoye
10000 m²;

e) the width of the Tikhaya River at the ferry crossing point
50 m.

8. Determine the distance using the physical map of Russia in the atlas:

a) from Moscow to St. Petersburg
640 km;

b) from Moscow to Vladivostok
6280 km;

c) from Moscow to the North Pole
3774 km;

d) from Moscow to the South Pole
16095 km.

1. Complete the sentences.

The ability to determine one’s location relative to the sides of the horizon is called orientation.
North, south, west, east are the main sides of the horizon.
Northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest - intermediate sides of the horizon.

2. Label the main sides of the horizon in red and the intermediate sides in blue.

4. Using additional sources of information, find out what signs you can use to navigate the terrain without a compass.

- in pine, the secondary (brown, cracked) bark on the north side of the trunk rises higher than on the south;
- on coniferous trees, resin accumulates more abundantly on the south side;
- on the north side, trees, stones, wooden, tiled slate roofs are covered with lichens earlier and more abundantly;
— anthills are located on the southern side of trees, stumps and bushes, in addition, the southern slope of the anthills is gentle, the northern slope is steep;
- berries and fruits turn red (yellow) earlier on the south side;
— in summer, the soil near large stones, trees and bushes is drier on the south side, which can be determined by touch;
- free-standing trees have thicker and more luxuriant crowns on the south side;
— snow melts faster on southern slopes;
— the altars of Orthodox churches, chapels and Lutheran kirks face east, and the main entrances are located on the west side;
— the raised end of the lower crossbar of the church cross faces north.

5. Determine which of the figures shows the correct azimuth.

In Figure b.

6. Using the area plan placed on the flyleaf of the textbook, determine in which direction from a separate tree is located:

a) barn 100 m (90⁰);
b) bridge over a ravine 650 m (158⁰);
c) pond in the village of Elagino 300 m (30⁰).

Indicate the azimuths along which you should go from a separate tree to these objects.

7. At what azimuth will tourists return home if they went on a hike at an azimuth of 90⁰?
270⁰.

8. Mushroom pickers walked from the station towards the forest 400 m at an azimuth of 270⁰, then 200 m at an azimuth of 180⁰, then 300 m at an azimuth of 225⁰.
What azimuth and what distance do mushroom pickers need to travel to get back to the station in a straight line?

Draw the route of the mushroom pickers in the figure, starting from point A and using a scale: 1 cm - 100 m.

9. Determine the azimuths to the objects shown in the figure. Record the results in the table.

10. Determine which points in the figure correspond to the azimuths indicated in the table. Which sides of the horizon do they correspond to?

11. Determine from the area plan (see p. 17) which side of the railway station the spring is located.

1. Determine on the map the distance on the ground in a straight line from the railway station to the spring. Write the answer in numbers.
450 m.

2. Determine on the map the distance on the ground in a straight line from the railway station to the well. Write the answer in numbers.
300 m.

3. Determine on the map the distance on the ground in a straight line from the forester’s hut to the spring. Write the answer in numbers.
250 m.

4. Determine from the map the azimuth along which you need to go from the forester’s hut to the spring. Write the answer in numbers.
145⁰.

5. Determine from the map the azimuth along which you need to go from the railway station to the MTM. Write the answer in numbers.
315⁰.

6. Determine from the map the azimuth along which you need to go from the windmill to the railway station. Write the answer in numbers.
215⁰.

7. Which direction does azimuth 180⁰ correspond to?
3) south

8. Which direction does azimuth 315⁰ correspond to?
4) northwest

9. Which direction does azimuth 225⁰ correspond to?
3) southwest

10. Which direction does azimuth 135⁰ correspond to?
3) southeast

11. What azimuth corresponds to the direction to the northeast?
2) 135⁰

12. What azimuth corresponds to the direction to the west?
3) 270⁰

13. What azimuth corresponds to the direction to the east?
2) 90⁰

1. Write the difference between relative and absolute height.

Relative height varies from any point on the earth's surface.
Absolute altitude is measured from sea level.

2. What symbols are used to show the relief on site plans?

The relief is depicted by horizontal lines, that is, curved closed lines, the points of which are located on the ground at the same height above sea level.

3. Consider in the figure the profile of the area shown on the plan (see p. 17), from the windmill to the school in the village of Rechnoye.

Determine how many meters the horizontal lines are drawn on the site plan.
After 1 m

Mark on the profile the location of the silo and the Kamenka River. How far is the silo from the windmill?
250 m

At what absolute height is the silo located?
149.8 m

How high is the windmill relative to the school?
5.4 m

Determine the azimuth from the windmill to the school.
135⁰

4. Complete the construction of a profile of the area shown on the plan (see p. 17), from the well in the village of Berezkino to the silo.


At what absolute height is the silo located?
149.8 m

At what absolute height is the well located?
153.4 m

At what distance from the silo is the absolute height of the area 153 m?
130 m

Mark these points on the profile. Is the terrain between these points rising or falling? Why did you decide so?

Decreases because the silo is located below the well.

What is located higher - a well or a silo?
Well

Determine the azimuth from the well to the silo.
90⁰

5. Independently build a profile of the area shown on the plan (see p. 17), from the spring to the railway station.

1. Let’s assume that you have to make a visual survey of a small area of ​​the area and build a plan of it. Let's check how ready you are to complete this task.

a) List the tools that you need to have to carry out a visual survey of the area.
Tablet, compass, ruler, compass, pencil.

b) Before you start shooting, you need to select a scale. A scale of 1:3000 is recommended for surveying your site. Record it in a named form.

1 cm – 30 m.

But to determine distances when shooting by eye, you need to know the length of one pair of steps.

c) Now you need to orient the tablet. What device do you use for this?
Compass.

3. Construct a profile of the terrain along the line spring (point A on the profile) – silo (point B on the profile). To build a profile, use a horizontal scale: 1 cm - 50 m and a vertical scale: 1 cm - 1 m.

Geographic map

1. Prove that the Earth is not a perfect sphere.

Firstly, it has an uneven surface.
Secondly, due to its rotation, our planet is slightly flattened at the poles: the distance from the center of the Earth to the equator is 6378 km, and to the poles – 6356 km.

2. What is the significance of the size of the Earth for life on the planet?

The size of our planet allows it to retain a gaseous shell - the atmosphere.

3. Using a globe, measure the distance from the North to the South Pole.

12714 km.
4. Using additional sources of geographic information, prepare a computer presentation about the history of the globe. Be sure to indicate which sources you used.

1. Fill out the table indicating the differences between a topographic plan and a geographic map.

2. Using the text from the textbook paragraph, fill out the table.

3. Representatives of what professions need geographic maps?

Geologists, historians, drivers, builders, military men, politicians, economists.

4. Using additional sources of geographic information, prepare a report on the use of modern computer technologies in cartography (search keywords: electronic maps, geographic information systems). Be sure to indicate which sources you used.

Geographic information system (GIS) is a system for collecting, storing, analyzing and graphically visualizing spatial (geographic) data and related information about the necessary objects. GIS is a tool that allows users to search, analyze and edit digital maps, as well as additional information about objects, for example, building height, address, number of residents. GIS makes it easier to create the necessary information on maps and find it. The problem orientation of GIS is determined by the tasks it solves (scientific and applied): analysis, assessment, monitoring, management and planning, decision support.

1. Complete the sentences.

Meridians are lines that coincide with the direction of the midday shadow.
They show the north-south direction.
Parallels are lines drawn parallel to the equator.
They show the direction "west-east".
All meridians are equal in length.
Parallels, unlike meridians, vary in length.
The longest parallel is the equator.

2. Using a physical map of the hemispheres, determine which ocean and which continent all meridians cross.

Ocean – Arctic;
Continent - Antarctica.

3. Using the physical map of Russia in the atlas, determine on which parallel Moscow is located. Write down in your notebook the geographical objects of Russia that this parallel intersects.

55⁰N
R. Volga, Ural Mountains, r. Ob, Kamchatka Peninsula, Shantar Islands, Commander Islands.

4. Using a physical map of the hemispheres, name the continents:

a) located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere
Eurasia, North America

b) located entirely in the Southern Hemisphere
Australia, Antarctica

c) located partly in the Northern, partly in the Southern Hemisphere
Africa, South America

5. Using a physical map of the hemispheres, name the ocean(s):

a) located in only one hemisphere
Arctic Ocean

b) located partly in the Northern, partly in the Southern Hemisphere
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian oceans.

6. Using a physical map of the hemispheres, write down in your notebook the geographic features that the equator crosses.

O. Kalimantan, Andes, Amazonian lowland, Congo River, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Gulf of Guinea.

1. Which of the figures shows with an arrow how geographic latitude is determined?
In figure a.

What latitude is shown in the picture?
70⁰ N

How did you determine this?
Arrow above the equator => northern latitude. The parallels are drawn through 20⁰, which means half is 10⁰ => 60+10=70⁰

2. Indicate which points marked on the map (p. 40-41) have a northern latitude and which ones have a southern latitude.

North latitude: A
South latitude: B, V

Which point is located further south? B
Which one is further north? A

Why did you decide so?

Southern Tropic 23⁰ (B), point B intersects parallel 20⁰ S. => point B to the south. Point A crosses 40⁰ N latitude. => northernmost point.

3. Determine the geographic latitude of the points marked with letters on the map on p. 40-41.

1. Which of the figures shows with an arrow how geographic longitude is determined?

In Figure b.

2. Mark the points on the map:

A – has northern latitude and eastern longitude;
B – has northern latitude and western longitude;
B – has southern latitude and western longitude;
G – has southern latitude and eastern longitude.

Determine the coordinates of these points:

A - 40⁰ N, 60⁰ E;
B - 40⁰ N, 60⁰ W;
E - 40⁰ S, 60⁰ W;
G - 40⁰ S, 120⁰ E.

3. Indicate which points marked on the map (p. 44-45) have western longitude and which ones have eastern longitude.

West longitude: B, V
East longitude: A

Which point is further west? B
Which one is to the east? A

Why did you decide so?

Point A is located on the 180th meridian => the easternmost point. Point B is west of point C => west of other points.

4. Determine the geographic longitude of the points marked with letters on the map on p. 44-45.

5. City A has coordinates 20⁰N. and 30⁰ east. The coordinates of city B are 10⁰ S. and 70⁰ west

a) Place these cities on an outline map.
b) On what continents and in what hemispheres is each of these cities located?

City A Africa; Northern and Eastern Hemispheres
City B South America; Southern and Western Hemispheres

c) Which city - A or B - is located further south? Give reasons for your answer.

City B is located further south, because is located in the Southern Hemisphere.

6. Which of the points marked on the map has geographic coordinates:

50⁰ S, 70⁰ E - A;
40⁰ S, 50⁰ E - AND;
18⁰ N, 8⁰ W – E;
8⁰ S, 16⁰ W - G;
43⁰ N, 115⁰ W – D;
46⁰ N, 115⁰ E – B.

Determine the geographic coordinates of the remaining point.

23⁰ S, 90⁰ E

Which point is located further south than the others?
A

Which one is further north?
B

7. The captain of the ship decided to sail from Eurasia to New Zealand. Help the captain fill out the ship's log, determining the location and geographic coordinates of the points where the ship was located.

8. Determine in which direction tourists should move if they are moving from a point with coordinates 19⁰ N, 73⁰ E. to a point with coordinates 28⁰ N, 87⁰ E. Where and where do they travel from?

To the northeast. From Mumbai to Mount Everest.

10. Using a political map of the hemispheres, identify the largest countries on each of the Earth's continents. Write down their names and capitals. Determine the geographic coordinates of the capitals.

1. Using the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, determine the absolute height:

a) Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa – 5895 m;
b) Kosciuszko Mountains in Australia – 2228 m;
c) Aconcagua Mountains in South America – 2960 m.

2. Using the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, determine the prevailing depths:

a) Mediterranean Sea – 2000 m;
b) Hudson Bay - up to 200 m;
c) Caribbean Sea – 4000 m.

3. Using the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, determine:

a) which mountains are higher - the Ural or the Tien Shan?
Tien Shan

b) which peninsula is located higher above sea level - Arabian or Indochina?
Arabian Peninsula

c) how does the altitude of North America change from east to west?
rises

4. Using the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, determine the absolute height or depth of the points with coordinates:

a) 55⁰ S, 60⁰ E. – deeper than 4000 m;
b) 35⁰ N, 90⁰ E – above 5000 m;
c) 5⁰ S, 65⁰ W – below 0 m;
d) 5⁰ N, 105⁰ E. – up to 200 m;
e) 48⁰ N, 48⁰ E. — — 28 m.

1. Which direction does arrow A on the map correspond to?
2) south

2. Which direction does arrow B correspond to on the map?
4) north

3. Which direction does arrow C correspond to on the map?
3) southwest

4. Which direction does arrow D correspond to on the map?
3) northeast

5. Which arrow on the map corresponds to the south direction?
1) A

6. Which arrow on the map corresponds to the northeast direction?
4) D

7. Which arrow on the map corresponds to the direction north?
2) B

8. Which arrow on the map corresponds to the southwest direction?
3) C

9. What geographic coordinates does the point marked on the world map with the letter A have?
3) 40⁰ N, 90⁰ E.

10. What geographic coordinates does the point marked on the world map with the letter B have?
1) 23⁰ S, 120⁰ E

11. What geographic coordinates does the point marked on the world map with the letter C have?
3) 15⁰ S, 20⁰ W

12. What geographic coordinates does the point marked on the world map with the letter D have?
2) 30⁰ N, 90⁰ W

13. Which of the points indicated by letters on the world map has the geographic coordinates of 30⁰ S, 60⁰ E?
3M

14. Which of the points indicated by letters on the world map has geographic coordinates of 15⁰ N, 120⁰ E?
1) E

15. Which of the points indicated by letters on the world map has the geographic coordinates of 60⁰ N, 30⁰ W?
4) N

1. Why do people need to know what the internal structure of the Earth is?
Knowing the internal structure of the Earth, people can determine what minerals may lie in this area. Also, by studying the internal structure of the Earth, people will be able to understand the nature of earthquakes and learn to prevent them. People will be able to use the processes that occur in the bowels of the Earth for their own purposes, for example, the production of electricity.

2. How do continental and oceanic crusts differ? Fill the table.

3. Make a diagram “Classification of rocks”.

4. Give examples of each group of rocks.

Metamorphic rocks: Rocks formed as a result of changes in the composition or properties of the original rocks.
Examples: marble, quartzite, diamond, shale.

5. Give some examples of the use of rocks by humans.
Humanity widely uses rocks. Coal is a fuel in power plants and metallurgical plants.
Oil is a fuel and raw material in chemical plants.
Granite is a building material.
Quartz sand – for glass production and as a building material.

6. Determine which group the listed rocks belong to. Describe each of the rocks (indicate what color it is; whether it is hard or not; whether it has shine).
Limestone - sedimentary, organic.
Gypsum - sedimentary, chemical.
Sand - sedimentary, clastic.
Oil - sedimentary, organic.
Quartzite - metamorphic.
Basalt - igneous, erupted.
Granite - igneous, deep.

7. Write what rocks are mined near your locality. Indicate their origin.
Oil and gas are extracted near our settlement. They are of sedimentary organic origin. We also extract sand and clay - sedimentary clastic origin.

1. Using the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, determine in which of the listed cities earthquakes are possible. Highlight these cities with a red line.

2. Consider the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas. What icon shows volcanoes on the map? Draw it in your notebook.

3. Using a physical map of Russia, write down the names of the volcanoes located on the territory of our country.
Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Tolbachik, Kronotskaya Sopka, Shiveluch, Avacha, Koryak Sopka.

4. Using a physical map of the hemispheres, write down in a column the names of 2-3 volcanoes located:
a) on the continents: Orizaba (19°N 97°W), Popocatepetl (19°N 99°W), Cotopaxi (1°S 78°W .)
b) on the islands: Hekla (64°N 20°W), Etna (38°N 16°E), Krakatoa (6°S 105°E). )
Identify and record the geographic coordinates of these volcanoes.

5. Using additional sources of information, prepare a report about one of the major volcanic eruptions of recent times. Please indicate the sources of information you used.
In February 2014, Mount Sinabung began to erupt on the island of Sumatra. This volcano is an active volcano. Before this, its eruptions occurred in 2012 and 2013. Volcanic ash was raised to a height of more than 4 kilometers, and the lava swallowed several villages. As a result of the eruption, several people died, more than 20 thousand people were evacuated to safe places.

1. Find different forms of mountain relief on the physical map of Russia in the atlas. Write 2-3 examples in your notebook.
Ranges: Chersky, Verkhoyansky, Stanovoy.
Highlands: Stanovoe, Chukotka, Kolyma.
Mountain systems: Ural, Altai, Sayan.

2. Find examples of mountains of different heights on the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas. Fill the table.

3. Using a physical map of the hemispheres, identify the mountains by their coordinates.
a) The mountains are located between parallels 30 and 40° N. w. and meridians 10° W. d. and 10° east. d.
Mainland: Eurasia
Mountain name: Pyrenees
b) The mountains are located between parallels 40 and 50° N. w. and meridians 70 and 100° east. d.
Mainland: Eurasia
Mountain name: Tien Shan

4. Using the physical map of Russia in the atlas, make a comparative description of the mountains. Fill the table.

5. Give examples of human economic activity in the mountains.
Human life and activity in the mountains is associated with more severe natural conditions. In the mountains, people extract minerals and harvest wood. Also in mountainous areas, people graze domestic animals: sheep, cattle. In some areas of the subtropical zone, tea, jute, and rice are grown. Tourism is also developing in the mountains.

6. Prove that mountains influence living and inanimate nature.
The change in the components of nature with altitude is called altitudinal zonality. As a result of the rise, the air temperature, atmospheric pressure, and the amount of oxygen in the air decrease. As a result of this, the flora and fauna will change. The higher the mountains, the more belts there will be. Mountains also influence inanimate nature. Under the influence of low temperatures and winds, rocks are destroyed.

7. Using various sources of information, tell us what natural natural phenomena can occur in the mountains?
Natural phenomena associated with internal and external forces can occur in the mountains. Internal – earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
External – landslides, landslides, mudflows, avalanches.

How do they affect human life and nature?
Their influence is negative, because destruction occurs and people die.

In which areas of the Earth have the most destructive mountain phenomena occurred in recent years?
These phenomena occur very often in the mountains. For example, only in April 2014 - several earthquakes in the Andes with a magnitude of up to 8 points, the Ecuadorian Tungurahua volcano resumed activity, an earthquake in Japan with a magnitude of 5 points

1. Find different plains on the physical map of Russia in the atlas. Write two examples of each type of plain in your notebook.
Lowlands: - Caspian, Kolyma.
Hills: - Volga, Central Russian
Plateaus: Central Siberian, Anadyr.

2. Find examples of different types of plains on the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas. Fill the table.

3. Using the physical map of Russia in the atlas, make a comparative description of the two plains. Fill the table.
Sushi Plains, 6th grade. Kartasheva, Kurchina.

4. Give examples of human economic activity on the plains.
A significant part of the population lives on the plains. Agriculture is developing on them. A variety of crops are grown: wheat, sugar beets and others. Pasture farming is developing. It is easier to build on the plains. Also, a variety of minerals are mined on the plains: oil, gas, ores, non-metallic raw materials.

1. Using the ocean map in the atlas, give examples:
a) ocean basins: Peruvian, African - Antarctic, South - Australian.
b) mid-ocean ridges: Mid-Atlantic, West Indian, Arabian-Indian.

2. Using the map of the oceans in the atlas, determine what forms of bottom relief are separated by the East Pacific Rise.
Peruvian, Northeastern, Central, Southern basins.

3. Write down the names of all parts of the Indian Ocean bottom topography located north of 40° S. w.
Ranges: West Indian, Arabian Indian, East Indian.
Basins: Central, Western Australian.
Trench: Sunda.

4. Why do you think the ocean floor is uneven? What processes occurring in the lithosphere on land are also characteristic of the ocean floor?
The formation of the Earth's relief occurred throughout the entire existence of the planet and continues to form now. The ocean floor is uneven, as it experienced the same processes as the land relief: uplift, subsidence, horizontal movements. The ocean floor is characterized by the following processes: the eruption of underwater volcanoes, earthquakes, and fractures of the earth's crust.

1. Molten matter of the mantle, saturated with gases and water vapor, is called:
2) magma

2. Which statement about the internal structure of the Earth is true?
2) All minerals are formed from mantle material.

3. Which of the following rocks belongs to the group of sedimentary rocks?
4) rock salt

4. Which of the following rocks belongs to the group of metamorphic?
3) marble

5. Which of the following rocks belongs to the group of sedimentary inorganic origins?
1) sand

6. Which correspondence “rock - its type” is correct?
1) limestone - sedimentary

7. Which of the following landforms was formed as a result of wind activity?
4) dune

8.Which of the following territories can geysers be observed?
2) Kamchatka Peninsula

9. Which of the following areas are most likely to experience strong earthquakes?
3) Java island

10. On the territory of which continent is the highest peak of the world located?
3) Eurasia

1. In what states does water occur in the hydrosphere?
Liquid, solid, gaseous.

2. Fill out the diagram “Composition of the hydrosphere.”

3. What water makes up the main part of the hydrosphere?
The main part of the hydrosphere is the water of the World Ocean. It contains 96.5% of the water of the hydrosphere. This water is salty.

4. Is the global water cycle possible without an atmosphere? Without lithosphere? How do they participate in the water cycle?
Not possible, since all shells are interconnected. If there were no atmosphere, then there would be no fresh water on Earth, since fresh water evaporates in the form of steam, precipitation is formed. Water seeps through rocks, forming groundwater, which then flows into rivers and lakes.

1. Using the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, write down 2-3 examples in your notebook:
a) islands: Greenland, Madagascar, Kalimantan.
b) archipelagos: Japanese Islands, Greater Antilles, Hawaiian Islands.
c) peninsulas: Somalia, Hindustan, Scandinavian.

2. Using the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas, write down 2-3 examples in your notebook:
a) inland seas: Black, Mediterranean, Red.
b) marginal seas: Sargasso, Barents, Arabian.
c) bays: Bengal, Mexican, Gudronov.
d) straits: Bering, Gibraltar, Magellan.

3. Using the physical map of the hemispheres, write in your notebook:
a) the largest island: Greenland.
b) the smallest island:

4. On the contour map of the world, use numbers to indicate:

islands: 1 - Greenland; 2 - Madagascar; 3 - New Guinea;
archipelagos: 4 - Chagos; 5 - Malay;
bays: 6 - Bengal; 7 - Guinean; 8 - Mexican;
straits: 9 - Gibraltar; 10 - Magellans; 11 - Drake;
seas: 12 - Arabian; 13 - Mediterranean; 14 - Black; 15 - Caribbean; 16 - South China; 17 - Barentsevo; 18 - Red;
peninsulas: 19 - Hindustan; 20 - Arabian; 21 - Kamchatka.

5. Which of the following units is a unit of measurement for the salinity of water?
c) ppm

6. Name the reasons for the low salinity of the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
1. Availability of ice.
2. . Large rivers flow in.
3. Low air temperatures all year round, low evaporation.

7. What determines the temperature of ocean water?
Depending on the geographical location, the closer to the equator, the warmer the water.

8. Using a map of the oceans, find out where the winter boundary of floating ice lies. Write down two examples:
a) seas that freeze in winter: East Siberian, Okhotsk
b) seas that do not freeze in winter: Barents, Mediterranean.

9. Using additional sources of information, find out and write down in your notebook why the White, Yellow and Red Seas received such names.
The White Sea is covered with ice for a long time.
Red Sea - in the myths of many countries, the sides of the horizon had different colors. Among the peoples of Asia, the color red symbolized the south, that is, “the sea in the south.” There is also an assumption that the name of the sea comes from the color of the algae that exist in this sea.
Yellow Sea - the rivers that flow into this sea carry a lot of yellow silt.

1. Make a classification of water movements in the ocean based on the reason for their occurrence. Fill out the diagram.

2. How does a tsunami differ from storm wind waves?
Tsunamis are waves that arise as a result of seaquakes, and wind waves are the result of wind activity. A tsunami is a forward movement of water, and wind waves are oscillatory.

3. What is the significance of ocean currents?
Ocean currents influence the climate of the territory. Cold currents bring cooling and dryness, and warm currents bring warming and precipitation. Currents also transport organic substances, contributing to their distribution throughout the oceans.

4. Using the ocean map in the atlas, plot on the contour map:
a) places of the highest tides - green;
b) warm currents Gulf Stream, North Atlantic, Kuroshio, South Trade Wind, North Trade Wind, Brazilian and Guiana - in red;
c) cold currents Peruvian, Labrador, Canary, Western Winds, Benguela - in blue.
Label the currents with the initial letters of their names.

5. Imagine that an accident occurred on an oil tanker near the equator off the eastern coast of South America. The accident resulted in an oil spill. In what areas of the ocean can traces of this accident be found? To answer, use the ocean map in the atlas.
Traces of this accident can be found in any part of the ocean, because currents will carry the oil. For example, the Northern Trade Wind Current will transport oil to the Gulf Stream, then in turn to the North Atlantic, then to the Canary or Norwegian. The southern trade wind current will carry oil into the Brazil Current, then into the Westerly Winds and then across the South Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

1. Name the sources of groundwater.
The main source of groundwater is precipitation that seeps through rocks. Also, water in the form of steam comes from the deep layers of the Earth.

2. Why can the water level in a well change throughout the year?
Because at different times different amounts of water enter the underground layers.
When does a well have a lot of water?
In spring, when the snow melts and when there is a lot of precipitation.
When does a well get shallow?
In summer, when the amount of water falling to the surface decreases.

3. Give examples of permeable rocks. Give examples of waterproof rocks.
Permeable rocks: sand, gravel, crushed stone.
Waterproof: clay, slate, granite.

4. Give examples of groundwater use in your area.
Groundwater is used as a source of drinking water.

5. Which waters are more actively involved in the global water cycle - groundwater or interstratal? Why?
Groundwater is more actively involved, since it can move both down and up when the Earth's surface is heated by the Sun. Groundwater seeping through rocks quickly ends up in rivers and lakes.

1. On the map, mark the largest rivers with numbers:

2. Using the physical map of Russia in the atlas, determine which rivers have the following coordinates:
58° N. latitude, 33° east. d. – Volkhov River
54° N. latitude, 108° east. d. – Lena River
62° N. latitude, 145° east. d. – Kolyma River

3. Using the physical map of Russia in the atlas, identify and write down all the rivers that flow into the Kara Sea.
Ob, Yenisei, Taz, Pur, Yana.

4. Using Figure 59 in the textbook, identify all the right tributaries of the Lena River.
Aldan, Olekma, Vitim, Kirenga,

Determine which ridges are the border of the Lena River basin.
Verkhoyansky, Suntar - Khayata, Dzhugdzhur, Stanovoy, Yablonovy, Baikalsky, Primorsky.

5. Using the physical map of Russia in the atlas, name:
a) lowland rivers: Indigirka, Kolyma, Lena, Volga, Pechora, Northern Dvina.
b) mountain rivers: Terek, Katun, Biya.

6. Using additional sources of information, write down proverbs and sayings about rivers in your notebook.
Where the river is deeper, it makes less noise.
Every river flows to the sea.
A fast river does not flow through creeks.
The river will spread far, but will not leave its bed.
Earthen water muddies the river (mountain water from the upper reaches; and the first water is snow or coastal).

7. Describe one of the rivers in your area according to plan.
a) Name - Oka
b) Where does it start: on the Central Russian Upland near the village. Aleksandrovka, Glazunovsky district, Oryol region.
c) Where it flows: into the Volga.
G) Character of the current: flat
e) Diet: mixed with a predominance of snow.
f) Regime: freeze-up - from December to the end of March.
opening from ice: in March
high water - from April to May
The lowest water level in the river is in summer.
Are there floods: in the fall when it rains.
g) Are there rapids, waterfalls?: No.
h) How is it used by humans: shipping, fishing, water source for the population and businesses, recreation.

1. On the map, indicate the largest lakes with numbers:

2. Name the deepest lake on Earth. What is the origin of its basin?
Baikal, it has a tectonic origin, is located in a graben.
Name the largest lake on Earth. What is the origin of its basin?
Caspian Sea. It is located in the trough of the earth's crust.

3. Using an atlas map, describe one of the world’s lakes according to plan.
a) Name - Baikal
b) What continent is it located on: Eurasia.
c) Within what major landform are the mountains of Eastern Siberia located?
d) Origin: tectonic.
e) Fresh or salty - fresh.
f) Sewage or drainless - waste.
g) How it is used by humans - source of fresh water, fishing, tourism.

4. Describe the lake located in your area according to plan.
a) Name - Senezh
b) Where is it located - in the Solnechnogorsk district of the Moscow region
c) Origin – artificial.
d) Fresh or salty - fresh.
e) Sewage or drainless - waste.
f) What rivers flow into -
g) How is it used by humans - recreation, fishing.

5. Using additional sources of information, prepare a report on the current state of Lake Baikal. Please indicate what sources of information you used.
Lake Baikal is a unique ecological system that is influenced by human activities. The biggest polluter of the lake is the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, which dumps its production waste into the lake. Also, a significant amount of harmful substances are released into the atmosphere, which after precipitation fall into the lake. More than 300 tributaries flow into Baikal. Settlements that are located on their shores dump waste into the water, which then enters the lake. Therefore, it is necessary to protect this unique natural object.

1. Using atlas maps, write down the areas of distribution of glaciers.
Glaciers are either cover glaciers or mountain glaciers. Ice sheets formed in Antarctica and the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Mountain glaciers are found on the high mountains of all continents, with the exception of Australia.

2. What is the significance of glaciers in nature?
1. Affect the climate.
2. Rivers originate from them.
3. Sources of fresh water.

3. It is known that the air temperature when climbing mountains drops by 6 °C every kilometer. How high must the mountains in your area be for mountain glaciers to form on them? Explain how you determined this.
In our area, the average July temperature is 20° C. Since the temperature drops by 6° C per kilometer, then 20 /6 = 3.3 km.

4. Where do you think permafrost can be found in Africa? Why?
Only on the tops of mountains, because the average annual temperature in Africa is above +10°C, and in the mountains it can be below 0°C.

1. What letter on the world map represents the Strait of Gibraltar?
2) B

2. What letter on the world map represents the island of Madagascar?
3) C

3. What letter on the world map represents the Scandinavian Peninsula?
1) A

4. The letter D on the world map indicates:
2) Greenland island

5. The letter E on the world map indicates:
2) Drake Passage

6. The letter K on the world map indicates:
3) Bering Strait

7. Match the river with its location
on the map, indicated by a number.

8.Which of the listed seas belongs to inland seas?
3) Baltic

1. In the figure, label the gases that make up the atmosphere.

2. Using additional sources of information, find out what the role of atmospheric gases is in the life of the Earth. Fill the table.

3. Remember what layers the atmosphere consists of. Indicate which layer of the atmosphere each of the given characteristics corresponds to.
Layers of the atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere.
a) The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the troposphere
b) The composition is dominated by hydrogen - thermosphere.
c) Contains 80% of the mass of air - the exosphere.
d) Extends to an altitude of 50 km - the stratosphere.
e) The sky here is black - the exosphere.
f) Almost all the water vapor is located in the troposphere.
g) Contains the ozone layer - the stratosphere.
h) Very low air density - exosphere.
i) There are changes in the weather - the troposphere.
j) Located above the troposphere - the stratosphere.

4. Why do you think the air temperature decreases with height?
The sun's rays pass through the air, hit the surface of the Earth, heat it, and the air heats up from the surface.

5. Calculate the air temperature at the top of a mountain 3500 m high if at the foot of the mountain, located at an altitude of 500 m above sea level, the temperature is +20 °C.
3500 – 500 =3000(m)
1 km of altitude—a decrease of 6 °C.
3 *6 =18°
+20 -18 =2°С.

6. Why do you think it is necessary to study the atmosphere?
The atmosphere is studied so that predictions can be made. Also in order to control air pollution, prevent natural phenomena that occur in the atmosphere.

7. Using additional sources of information, name the main sources of air pollution.
1. Industrial enterprises
2. Transport:

1. During the day, the air temperature changes. Explain the reasons for the daily variation of air temperature. Fill the table.

2. The table shows the change in air temperature during the day. Determine the daily temperature range and the average daily temperature.

Daily temperature range: +18 – (+8) =10(°С)
Average daily temperature: (+10+8+12+18+16+14) / 6 =13(°C)

3. Name the reasons for changes in air temperature throughout the year.
The main reason is changes in the angle of incidence of sunlight. In summer the angle is large, so it is warm, in winter it is insignificant, and therefore cold.

4. Based on the table data (see task 2), construct a graph of the daily temperature variation. Using the graph, determine the air temperature at noon.

Air temperature at 12 o'clock is +15°C

5. Which statement about air temperature is true?
b) The air is mainly heated by the surface of land or water.

6. Explain why the coldest month in the Northern Hemisphere is January, and in the Southern Hemisphere it is July.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the lowest angle of incidence of sunlight is in January, which is why this month is the coldest. The Southern Hemisphere receives the least amount of heat in July, which is why it is the coldest month.

1. Look at the drawing. Define:
a) at what point will the atmospheric pressure be the least?
At point B.
b) at what point will the atmospheric pressure be greatest?
At point A.
Explain the reason for the difference in atmospheric pressure at these points.
At point A the column of air will be the largest, and the weight of the air at this point will also be, therefore the pressure is high, and at point B it will be the opposite.

2. Determine the atmospheric pressure at the top of a hill 40 m high if at its foot the atmospheric pressure is 50 mm.
With an increase of 10 meters, the pressure decreases by 1 mmHg. Art.
The pressure when ascending 40 m will change by 4 mmHg. Art.
50-4=46 (mm Hg)

3. Determine the relative height of the hill if the difference in atmospheric pressure at the bottom and at the top is 6 mm.
6mmHg Art. *10 m =60 m

4. Calculate normal atmospheric pressure for the indicated points.

5. Complete the sentences.
Wind is the horizontal movement of air.
The main reason for the formation of wind is pressure difference. Wind always blows from an area of ​​high pressure to an area of ​​low pressure.
The greater the pressure difference, the stronger the wind.

6. Label which picture shows the daytime breeze and which one shows the night breeze.

7. How is a breeze different from a monsoon? What are the similarities between these winds?
A breeze is a wind that changes its direction twice a day. and the monsoon is a seasonal wind that changes its direction twice a year.

8. Label the wind direction indicated by the arrow.

9. Construct a wind rose according to the table data.

Based on the picture, determine which winds prevailed in a given month.
There were more winds from the northeast and south.

1. In what season of the year do puddles dry out faster? Why?
In summer, because the Sun heats the surface more, and the water evaporates.

2. Using the picture, determine:
a) is the air saturated if at a temperature of +10 °C its 1 m3 contains 5 g of water vapor?
No, because at a given temperature the air can contain 9 grams of water.

b) will dew fall when air containing 12 g of water vapor is cooled to a temperature of +10 °C.
Yes, dew will fall as the air can only contain 9 grams of water

3. Using the figure, determine the relative humidity if:
a) at a temperature of +10 °C, 1 m3 of air contains 3 g of water.
10 gr. ---100%
3g ———- x
X = (3*100) / 10 = 30%
b) at a temperature of 0 °C, 1 m3 of air contains 2.5 g of water.
5 gr. - 100%
2.5 gr. -X
X= (2.5*100) /5 =50%

4. Label the types of clouds shown in the pictures.

5. Use arrows to show the correspondence between the weather element and the device with which it is measured.

1. What is the main reason for weather changes?
Heating of the earth's surface, air circulation.

2. Using additional sources of information, talk about local signs that can be used to predict the weather.
Good weather:
— dew fell before sunrise.
— seagulls land on the water and swim.
— swallows and swifts fly high until dusk
- the ants are actively working and the “doors” of the anthill are open.
Bad weather:
- Jackdaws fly high in flocks, circle and quickly fall to the ground.
- maple, willow, poplar, aspen, alder “cry” before the rain.
— before the rain, swifts and swallows fly low.
- earthworms appear on the surface of the earth - to unstable weather with rain and thunderstorms.
- if on a sunny day a dandelion or bindweed closes its corolla - it means rain.

3. How does climate differ from weather?
Climate is a long-term weather pattern, and weather is the state of the troposphere at a certain time in a certain area. The climate is constant, but the weather is changeable.

1. Explain why in Russia four seasons change throughout the year.

2. Using the map of the hemispheres, establish the names of the parallels 23.5° and 66.5°. For what reasons were these parallels highlighted?
23.5° - tropic. Between the tropics the sun may be at its zenith.
66.5° - Arctic Circle. North and south of this line there is a polar day and a polar night.

3. In the figure, show by shading the areas in which polar nights and polar days are observed. Don't forget to create a map legend.

4. In what zone is your area located?
In temperate temperate continental.

5. Using the text from the textbook paragraph, fill out the table.

6. What type of climate is typical for your area? Prove this with individual climate characteristics.
Temperate temperate continental. January temperatures are -10°C - 11°C, July temperatures are + 18°C ​​+19°C, precipitation is 550-650 mm per year, falling mainly in the warm season.

1. Which of the following phenomena does not apply to precipitation?
4) cyclone

2. Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is the lowest?
2) troposphere

3. Which statement about the atmosphere is true?
3) The ozone layer protects the Earth from ultraviolet rays.

4. In winter, even with very bright sunshine, the air remains cold. Explain why this is happening, giving at least two reasons.
1. In winter, the angle of incidence of the sun's rays is small, so the earth's surface does not heat up, and the air does not heat up from it.
2. Snow reflects a significant amount of sunlight without heating the atmosphere.

5. When climbing mountains above 3000 m, a person begins to feel discomfort. Explain why this is happening, giving at least two reasons.
1. There is not enough oxygen in the air.
2. Lower temperatures.
3. Low atmospheric pressure
4. Strong winds.

Biosphere. Geographical envelope.

1. What factors of inanimate nature determine the existence of organisms in different natural zones? Fill the table.

2. What factors of inanimate nature determine the distribution of organisms in the ocean?
a) water temperature;
b) water salinity;
c) water transparency.

3. What factors of inanimate nature influence the development of the organic world in your area?
The natural zone in which your area is located is the forest-steppe zone.
Temperature conditions – summer temperatures +17°С+19°С, winter temperatures -7°С -9°С.
Hydration. The amount of precipitation is 500 – 700 mm per year, there is sufficient moisture.
Typical plants are birch, aspen, spruce, oak, linden, bird cherry, hazel, timothy, meadow fescue, clover, mouse pea, meadow chamomile, meadow cornflower and many other plants.
Typical animals. Elk, roe deer, mole, fox, ferret, tit, woodpecker, sparrow, white stork, gray heron.

1. How do living organisms participate in creating the appearance of the Earth?
Composition of the atmosphere.
Plants absorb carbon dioxide, release oxygen, clean the air of dust and enrich it with water vapor.
Composition of ocean water.
Organisms regulate the amount of dissolved substances in water by absorbing them to form bones, shells and shells. The remains of these organisms, after they die, turn into sedimentary rocks (chalk, limestone).
Rock formation.
Plants and organisms, dying, turn into rocks such as coal, peat, oil, chalk, limestone.
Rock destruction.
Plants can destroy rocks. For example, some types of mosses, settling on rocks in the tundra, secrete certain substances that can dissolve minerals. Plant roots penetrate rock cracks, widen them and destroy them. Animals also dig holes and passages, which can also lead to destruction of rocks.

2. Write what components the soil consists of.
Organic: residues of plants, animals, microorganisms.
Inorganic: sand, clay, water, other minerals.

3. Which soils have the highest fertility?
Chernozems, since they have the largest layer of humus. They formed in the steppes.

4. Give examples of natural complexes in your area.
Which of them are most modified by man?
Which ones have remained virtually unchanged?

5. Write down the names of the nature reserves that exist in your region.
Nature reserves of the Moscow region:
1. Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve.
2. Losiny Ostrov National Park.
3. Zavidovo Reserve

6. Using additional sources of information, prepare a computer presentation about one of the Russian nature reserves.

7. Man is part of the biosphere. Make your own diagram showing the relationship between nature and man. Use red arrows to show (and label) what man gives to nature; blue - what nature gives to man. Discuss the resulting diagram in class.

What does it make you think about?
Nature provides almost everything necessary for human life, while humans mainly have a negative impact on it.

1. Give examples of prominent people belonging to different races. Fill the table.

2. Compare the “States of the World” map in the atlas and the map in Figure 101 in the textbook. Give two examples of countries whose populations are dominated by representatives of different races.
Caucasian: UK, Denmark;
Mongoloid: Mongolia, Japan
Negroid: Somalia, Chad.

3. Using additional sources of information, give examples of countries with the largest populations. Indicate what continent each country is located on.
a) China - Eurasia;
b) India - Eurasia;
c) USA – North America;
d) Indonesia - Eurasia;
e) Brazil - South America;
f) Pakistan - Eurasia;

4. What type of settlement is yours?
Our settlement is classified as a medium-sized city.
How many people live in it?
It is home to 60 thousand people.
Where do people living in your community work?
People mainly work in industrial enterprises and the service sector.

5. What natural disasters can happen in your area?

Make a memo “Rules of behavior during an earthquake” according to plan.

Is it possible to warn about an impending natural disaster in advance?
It is impossible to warn about an earthquake.
Where is the best place to wait out a disaster? What should you take with you?
It is best to wait out the earthquake outside, in an area away from buildings and trees. When going outside, you need to take documents, money, a small container of water, some food, and necessary medications.
Where is the best place to be if a natural disaster finds you at home?
If an earthquake occurs in the house, you need to stand in the doorway or corner of the room. You can also hide under a table or bed.
What should you do at home before a natural disaster strikes?
Turn off the gas, water, and unplug electrical appliances. Warn neighbors and relatives.
What rules should be followed immediately after the end of a natural disaster?
After an earthquake, it is necessary to monitor warnings, as aftershocks are possible. Enter the premises only after permission from the relevant services.

A group of tourists is moving from a point with coordinates 34° S. latitude, 18° east. to a point with coordinates 1° S. latitude, 33° east. d. Identify these points using a map.
34° S latitude, 18° east. d. – city of Cape Town.
1° S latitude, 33° east. d. – Lake Victoria.

Create a short guide for tourists. Please indicate:

a) what continent do they travel to?
They travel across Africa.

b) what geographical objects will they meet on the way?
Orange River, Kalahari Desert, Zambezi River, Victoria Falls, Lake Tanganyika.

c) what climate awaits tourists; what are its features?
Cape Town has a subtropical Mediterranean climate. Summers are warm, winters are not cold, and there is a lot of precipitation in winter. Then we find ourselves in a tropical climate - hot and dry throughout the year. Then the climate will change to subequatorial - high temperatures and a lot of precipitation that falls in the summer.

d) what dangers await tourists: high temperatures can lead to sunstroke, tropical diseases, wild animals, lack of water.

e) what peoples live there; what are their traditions: Bantu, Bushmen and Hottentots. The traditions of these peoples consist in preserving ancient ways of obtaining food, life, and culture.

f) what attractions do you recommend tourists see; what they are famous for:
1) Kruger National Park, where animals of the African continent live in the wild;
2) Central Kalahari National Wildlife Refuge;
3) Victoria Falls in Zambia on the Zambezi River - one of the most beautiful waterfalls on Earth;
4) Mount Kilimanjaro - the highest point in Africa (5895 meters)
5) Serengeti National Park - a park with a large number of animals and birds;
6) Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa.

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND CHURCH ORGANIZATION IN Rus'

Task 1. Make a plan to answer the question. What changes in the life of the Eastern Slavs contributed to the formation of the Old Russian people?

The formation of the Old Russian people was facilitated by:

  • submission to the power of the Kyiv prince;
  • participation of tribes in national affairs;
  • joint military campaigns;
  • smoothing out linguistic differences, forming a single Old Russian language;
  • acceptance of Christianity, belief in one God;
  • identifying oneself with the Russian people.

Task 2. Using the textbook text, fill out the table.

The main layers of the population of Ancient Rus' Their characteristics
Princes The Grand Dukes collected tribute from all state lands, although the population was not personally dependent on them. The younger scions of the princely family received small towns as rulers and became feudal lords.
Druzhina Boyars are the senior squad. The junior squad is the administration. The princely warriors carried out administrative and military functions. For faithful service they could receive lands for management. They collected tribute from them on behalf of the prince.
Tribal nobility Rich community members. Some of them, by lending money in times of famine, could make their fellow citizens dependent.
Clergy Ministers of worship in religions professing faith in one God.
Free community members, merchants, artisans The bulk of the population of Rus' consisted of free farmers who paid tribute and carried out duties in favor of the state.
Dependent population Smerdas, purchases, rank and file and slaves. Purchases are people who have taken a purchase (borrowed) and are working off the debt itself and the interest on it. Ryadovichi are persons who served landowners under a series (agreement) and, as a rule, became dependent on him for a monetary debt, assistance with seeds or tools. Servants were called captive slaves, who over time became the object of purchase and sale. Smerds are a dependent population in a princely or boyar estate.

Write what strata the population of Western European countries consisted of in the Middle Ages.

In each European country, the inhabitants were divided into three classes: the clergy, the knighthood (feudal aristocracy and noble knights), the third class (citizens and peasants).

Task 3. Match the Old Russian term and its explanation.

Answers:

1

2 3 4

G

IN B

A

Task 4. Using additional sources, independently draw up a diagram of “Church organization in Rus'.”

Task 5. Conduct your own historical research on the topic “Monasteries in Ancient Rus'.” Make a plan according to which you can create an essay on this topic.

  1. Monasteries played an important role in the religious and cultural life of Ancient Rus'.
  2. From the very beginning of their foundation, the monasteries of Ancient Rus' represented something more than just religious institutions.
  3. Monasteries were centers of education and writing, temples of art and architectural monuments.
  4. The missionary role of monastic monks. Trained and enlightened the population.
  5. Military-strategic significance of monasteries.

Task 6. Solve the crossword puzzle

Horizontally:

2. The first head of the church was Russian. ( Hilarion)
4. Head of the Christian Church in Ancient Rus'. ( Metropolitan)
5. The head of church authorities in large cities. ( Bishop )

Vertically:

1. Abbot of a monastery in Rus' (find in a reference book or on the Internet). ( Abbot )
3. Monk, one of the founders of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. ( Anthony )

Task 7. Compare the organization of the Orthodox and Catholic churches. Record your findings.

There are many large and small differences between Orthodoxy and Catholicism, both in form and content. The main difference that led at one time to the division of the Christian Church into Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) is the difference in organization. At the head of the Catholic Church is the Pope - the vicar of the Son of God on earth, who, according to Catholics, is infallible in his church decisions. Orthodoxy denies the Catholic dogma of the primacy of the Pope and his infallibility.

The Orthodox Church does not have a common center and includes several independent churches. In addition to the Russian Orthodox Church, there is Georgian, Serbian, Greek, Romanian, etc. These churches are governed by patriarchs, archbishops and metropolitans. Orthodox believe that Jesus Christ is the head of the Church. Unlike the Orthodox Church, Catholicism is one Universal Church. All its parts in different countries of the world are in communication with each other, follow the same creed and recognize the Pope as their head.

Task 8. Write a short essay on the topic “Spiritual values ​​of our ancestors”, note in it how Christian values ​​differed from pagan ones.

With the adoption and strengthening of Christianity in Rus', the spiritual values ​​of our ancestors changed significantly. Love for God and neighbor, piety and sacrifice, as the main values ​​of Christianity, acquired a dominant role in the life of the Russians.

If under the pagan religion we saw the flourishing of the cult of power - who is stronger is right, then Christianity brought love for one's neighbor. At the everyday level, this manifested itself in the fact that people began to look for compromises, trying to maintain relationships.

It cannot be said that the Slavs during pagan times did not have traditions of respect for parents and elders, but Christianity gave a new understanding of family and clan, based on the inviolability of relationships. In life, this manifested itself in the strengthening of family traditions. In addition, the concept of personal piety became significant, although in paganism an individual outside the collective did not have any significance, and piety was determined by the traditions of the community.

Also, I cannot say that our ancestors, with the adoption of Christianity, became more sacrificial for the sake of a common goal, sacrificing their own principles for the common good. However, this value has changed its meaning. Loyalty to the clan began to be replaced by loyalty and sacrifice in the name of God - a more general concept that ensured the unity of people not only within their clan, but within the whole state.