Autoradiography method in cytology. Autoradiography. Isotopes used in autoradiography

Autoradiography is a type of nuclear physical methods for studying the distribution of chemical elements in materials, which is based on the registration of radioactive radiation using a detector, which uses solid-state track detectors or nuclear emulsions. Depending on the type of detected particles, a-, P-, f-, and y-autoradiography are distinguished. A radioactive isotope is introduced into the sample (system) under study or a stable element is transferred to a radioactive state by activation (neutron, ion, etc.). The theory and technique of autoradiography are described in sufficient detail in the monographs of B.I. Brook (1966), E. Rogers (1972), G.I. Flerova, I.G. Berzina (1979), Yu.F. Babikova et al. (1985).

Autoradiography as a method was developed and found widespread use in the study of patterns of distribution of natural radioactive elements in rocks and ores (Baranov and Kretschmer, 1935; Igoda, 1949). I. Joliot-Curie studied the possibility of using nuclear emulsions to study the radioactivity of rocks. Autoradiography was first used to study the localization of Ra and U in granites and sedimentary rocks. Subsequently, the method was improved and has now achieved high resolution and sensitivity thanks to the use of special solid-state track detectors, emulsions and optical electron microscopy.

After the development of methods for producing artificial radioisotopes, the autoradiographic method found wide distribution in such fields of science and technology as biology, medicine, metallurgy, electronics, etc. In geological research, the main attention was focused on autoradiography of natural radioelements, and only in recent years the method of radioisotope tracers began to develop or “labeled atoms” in combination with an autoradiographic detection method (Mysen, 1976; Mysen et al., 1976; Mironov et al., 1981), especially in experimental modeling of processes and mechanisms of transfer and concentration of elements. Major advances in the biological sciences have been achieved through the use of tagged atoms with autoradiographic termination.

Currently, in geology (mainly in geochemistry) there are several areas related to the development and application of the autoradiographic method: 1 - study of the distribution and forms of occurrence of natural radionuclides (Ra, U, Th, Pu); 2 - identification of the spatial distribution and forms of occurrence of non-radioactive elements based on their conversion into radionuclides obtained by irradiation of rock preparations in reactors or accelerators; 3 - the use of artificial radioisotopes introduced into the system when modeling geological processes, the so-called method of radioisotope tracers or “tagged atoms”. The listed methods of autoradiography will be discussed in this work.

Relevance of the work Classical, currently widely used methods of elemental analysis usually make it possible to determine the average concentrations of elements in an object. These methods include such classical methods as chemical, luminescent, spectral, mass spectrometric, X-ray radiometric, atomic adsorption, neutron activation and many others. However, the listed methods do not always satisfy the ever-growing and diverse requirements for analytical research. Recently, there has been increased interest in identifying processes associated with the behavior of microquantities of various chemical elements, i.e. to identifying the behavior of negligible amounts of matter in a more complex matrix of the object under study.

To solve pressing problems in various fields of geology, geochemistry, physics, chemistry, medicine, biology and others, in addition to data on the average content of the analyzed elements, it is necessary to have information about their spatial distribution and local concentration (Flitsiyan, 1997). It is important to have such information, for example, when analyzing objects for elements contained in very small quantities, but which significantly affect the physical, physicochemical and mechanical properties of the object being studied.

In geology, the use of local research methods is necessary to study the spatial distribution of trace elements in finely disseminated ores and rocks, determine the composition of the smallest mineral inclusions and establish the geochemical patterns of distribution of trace elements in minerals. In geochemistry, the use of such methods is necessary to study the distribution of elements that are in dispersed and ultradisperse (nanometer) or isomorphic states. An example is the problem of so-called “invisible” gold, which cannot be detected by many modern analytical methods.

Until recently, technological and scientific research lacked a method for identifying the spatial distribution of gold in ores. This refers to a method that would make it possible to visualize the presence of gold of varying degrees of dispersion on the surface of an ore sample with an area of ​​up to tens of cm2. When using the mineragraphic method, there is always the possibility of missing gold particles, primarily of micron size, in the section of an ore sample, and there is a significant difficulty in reconstructing the distribution of gold over the entire plane of the section of the ore body. As I.N. pointed out. Maslenitsky (1944), “the mineragraphic method has one significant drawback - the randomness of the identified inclusions, due to the physical impossibility of viewing a sufficiently large number of thin sections. Therefore, the mineralographer may fall into the error of attributing a general distribution to the random form found.”

Currently, local analysis methods are being actively developed, such as microprobe analysis, ion probe, scanning electron microscopy, MS-ICP-LA (laser ablation). However, their use has a significant limitation, which lies in the practical impossibility of studying large areas of the object. Most often, the scanning area is limited to microns, in the best case, a few mm2.

The autoradiography method allows you to study the forms of distribution of elements in the objects under study, determine the presence of elements in negligible quantities and, moreover, has a number of advantages over other methods: simplicity of measurements, clarity of results, the ability to study low-radioactive samples due to integral recording of events, large areas of study and the ability to work with different concentrations of elements and, most importantly, the method allows you to establish the local (spatial) nature of the distribution of radioisotopes in various geological objects. All this speaks to the relevance and timeliness of research on the development of new approaches to using the autoradiography method to study microinhomogeneities in various objects and the importance of the practical use of these techniques (Fleisher, 1997).

The autoradiography method has a unique combination, which is the ability to measure very low concentrations of elements (low detection limit) over large areas of the object under study (p-cm2).

The main goal of the work is to develop methodological approaches and their application in geochemical research for a comprehensive study of the spatial distribution and forms of occurrence of elements in sediments, rocks and ores based on the autoradiography method.

The objectives of the research are: 1. Development of a methodology that allows the use of a complex of autoradiographic methods (p, P) and (n, f) to study the spatial distribution of uranium, gold, phosphorus and other elements in sediments, rocks and ores.

2. Development of an approach that allows the use of autoradiography data for subsequent comprehensive study using local analysis methods (scanning electron microscopy, microprobe).

3. Development of digital processing methods for analyzing autoradiograms.

4. Application of a complex of autoradiography methods and digital processing of autoradiographic analysis data in mineralogical and geochemical studies of natural objects using the example of bottom sediments of Lake Baikal and gold deposits with fine gold, as well as in experimental models.

Scientific novelty and personal contribution A technique for interpreting autoradiographic data by digital processing of the resulting autoradiograms has been developed. Using the autoradiographic method, samples from various deposits were studied, elements were identified for the analysis of which the autoradiographic method is applicable, and a technique was developed for identifying the spatial distribution of individual elements in the studied samples.

The author was the first to use digital processing of p-autoradiograms using modern computer technologies and specialized software. The use of digital processing of autoradiograms made it possible to analyze the results of a series of experimental studies using the radioisotope tracer method, in particular, to show the spatial distribution and consider the mechanisms of iridium incorporation into Fe, Ce, Zn and Pb sulfides obtained as a result of hydrothermal synthesis.

Using the method of activation P-autoradiography, the spatial distribution and mineral concentrators of gold were revealed in ores of unconventional types of deposits Kamenoye (Northern Transbaikalia) and Yuzikskoye (Kuznetsk Alatau) with an ultrafine form of gold occurrence.

Baikal, layers of autogenous uranium-containing phosphates were discovered for the first time, and it also became possible to quantitatively determine uranium in a sediment column with a step of about 10 microns. This approach can be used to carry out short-period paleoclimatic reconstructions and study the redistribution of elements during the diagenesis of sediments.

The author's personal contribution also included digital processing of the obtained autoradiograms, compilation of series of autoradiograms of various exposures, analysis of the obtained images using specialized software, analysis of autoradiograms and distribution functions of elements according to autoradiography data, interpretation of the data obtained.

PROTECTED PROVISIONS

1. The use of methods for digital processing of autoradiograms makes it possible to isolate a “useful signal” image that reflects the spatial distribution of the element of interest in a section of rock or ore, as well as to carry out quantitative analysis.

2. The use of methods for digital processing of autoradiograms obtained during experimental modeling of geological processes using the method of radioisotope tracers makes it possible to assess the mechanisms and scale of element redistribution.

3. The integrated use of neutron fragmentation (n, f) and beta autoradiography (p, p) methods in the study of modern sediments (using the example of sediments from lakes Baikal and Issyk-Kul) allows us to identify local mineralogical and geochemical features of bottom sediments over large areas and makes it possible to use the obtained data for paleoclimatic reconstructions.

Practical significance of the work Based on the results of the research, it was established that the method of neutron activation autoradiography can be used to determine the forms of occurrence of various elements in sediments, rocks and ores in combination with modern local methods of analysis (microprobe, electron microscopy).

It is shown that autoradiographic study can be successfully used to identify the conditions of concentration of gold and the forms of its occurrence, which helps to identify the conditions of ore formation and is necessary both for the predictive assessment of deposits and for the development of technological schemes for the enrichment and extraction of metal. The method allows one to detect “invisible” gold, while other methods of analysis fail to establish the forms of its occurrence.

Approbation of the work The results obtained during the work were reported at the Annual Seminar on Experimental Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry (Moscow, 2001); at the 9th International Platinum Symposium (Billings, Montana, USA, 2002); All-Russian scientific conference dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Irkutsk, 2002); First Siberian International Conference of Young Scientists in Geosciences (Novosibirsk, 2002); 21st International Conference on the Use of Nuclear Tracks in Solid-State Materials (New Delhi, India, 2002); International Conference on the use of synchrotron radiation "SI-2002" (Novosibirsk, 2002); Joint meeting of the European Geophysical Society (EGS), the American Geophysical Union (AGU) and the European Geosciences Union (EUG) (Nice, France, 2003); Conference on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (Portland, USA, 2003); IAGOD conference (Vladivostok, 2003); Plaksin Readings-2004 (Irkutsk, 2004); Third All-Russian Symposium with International Participation (Ulan-Ude, 2004); Third All-Russian Symposium with International Participation “Gold of Siberia and the Far East” (Ulan-Ude, 2004); 11th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interactions (Saratoga Springs, New York, USA, 2004); 22nd International Conference on the Use of Nuclear Tracks in Solid-State Materials (Barcelona, ​​Spain, 2004).

The results presented in the dissertation were obtained while completing research assignments for 2001-2003; 2004-2006; with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research: grants No. 03-05-64563, 03-05-65162, 05-05-65226; as well as the leading scientific school (NSh-03-01) and the Presidium of the SB RAS (IP: 6.4.1., 65, 121, 161, 170).

Structure and scope of work The dissertation is presented on 112 pages of typewritten text and consists of an introduction, four chapters, including 9 tables, 46 figures, and a conclusion. The list of references contains 117 titles of works.

Conclusions throughout the chapter. Based on the results of experiments carried out on the hydrothermal synthesis of iridium-containing sulfides, it was established that the method of neutron activation autoradiography can be used to determine the forms of occurrence of various elements in sediments, rocks and ores in combination with modern local methods of analysis (microprobe, electron microscopy).

Based on the results of the studies, it was established that autoradiographic study can be successfully used to identify the forms of gold occurrence, data on which is necessary for technological schemes of enrichment and extraction. Such work was carried out for ores with a dispersed form of occurrence of Au from the Kamennoe (Northern Transbaikalia) and Yuzik (Kuznetsk Alatau) deposits.

The use of autoradiography methods in studying the distribution of elements in bottom sediments of Lake Baikal has made it possible to identify short-period fluctuations that can be used in paleoclimatic reconstructions. The combined use of autoradiography with data obtained by other methods (scanning electron microscopy, electron microscope) makes it possible to establish anomalous concentrations of elements in sediments.

The results obtained when analyzing experimental data on the shock wave loading of an Au-containing pyrite-quartz mixture make it possible to explain the geochemical anomalies of gold in impact structures.

CONCLUSION

Until now, autoradiography data has been assessed either visually or by photometrically measuring individual points and profiles on autoradiograms. In this work, for the first time, digital image processing data (autoradiograms) were used to isolate from an image created by several radionuclides an image formed by one radioisotope. For this purpose, original approaches were used, based on obtaining a series of autoradiograms at different periods of time after irradiation of the drug. Further processing of autoradiograms can be carried out either by the method of subtracting images (autoradiograms) with the introduction of a correction for the amount of decayed radionuclides, or by constructing curves of changes in the blackening density of the nuclear emulsion of autoradiograms and their correlation with radioactive decay curves of radioactive isotopes. The composition and ratio of radionuclides in the preparation are preliminarily determined by gamma spectrometry. Already at this stage, the data obtained from processing autoradiograms can be successfully used for a comprehensive study of a sample of rock, ore or sediment using electron microscopy and microprobe methods. To quantify autoradiography data, an original internal standard method was tested - when microprobe analysis data or an external standard method were used to construct a calibration curve. Natural glasses (obsidian and MORB) with a known uniform distribution of the element in the volume of the standard were used as standards. Digital processing of autoradiograms made it possible to obtain new data on the distribution of iridium and gold in experiments on the hydrothermal synthesis of iridium-containing sulfides of Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, as well as in the results of high-pressure and temperature stress on a gold-bearing pyrite-quartz mixture. New data were also obtained by studying the distribution of gold in sulfide-carbonate and carbonate ores of the Kamenoye deposits (Muysky district, Buryatia) and

Yuzik (Kuznetsk Alatau), classified as “invisible” and resistant gold.

No less interesting results, undoubtedly requiring continued research, were obtained when studying the bottom sediments of Lake Baikal. For the first time, a combination of beta autoradiography methods (to identify the spatial distribution of phosphorus), neutron fragment radiography (for uranium), scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analysis was used. As a result, the forms of phosphorus and uranium in the Baikal sediments of the Academic Range and layers with abnormally high concentrations of these elements were identified.

As a result of the work carried out, it was established that the autoradiography method can be successfully applied to solve various problems of geochemistry: to study the behavior of elements in various geological processes and in experimental studies simulating the mechanisms of redistribution and concentration of elements. Autoradiography data can be successfully used to establish the forms of occurrence of elements in various rocks, ores and sediments, as well as to visualize the distribution of elements found in micro- and nano-sized states.

1. Alekseev A.S., Badyukov D.D., Nazarov M.A. The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and some events at this boundary // Impact craters at the boundary of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. L.: Nauka, 1990. pp. 8-24.

3. Babikova Yu.F., Minaev V.M. Activation autoradiography. Tutorial. Part 1. M.: Publishing house. MEPhI, 1978. - 84 p.

4. Badin V.N. Calculation of the ranges of heavy particles in a complex substance // Instruments and Tekhn. Let's experiment. 1969. - No. 3. - P. 18-25.

5. Baranov V.I., Kretschmer S.I. Application of photographic plates with a thick emulsion layer to the study of the distribution of radioactive elements in natural objects // Dokl. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1935. T. 1, N 7/8. pp. 543-546.

6. Berezina I.G., Berman I.B., Gurvich Yu.Yu. Determination of uranium concentration and its spatial distribution in minerals and rocks // Atom. Energy. 1967. T.23, N 6. P.121-126.

7. Bokshtein S.Z., Kishkin S.T., Moroz L.M. Study of the structure of metals using the method of radioactive isotopes. M.: Defense Industry Publishing House, 1959. - 218 p.

8. Bondarenko P.M. Modeling of tectonic stress fields of elementary deformation structures // Experimental tectonics: methods, results, prospects. M.: Nauka, 1989. P.126-162.

10. Volynsky I.S. On a technique for measuring the optical constants of ore minerals. Proceedings of IMGRE, 1959, vol. 3.

11. Galimov E.M., Mironov A.G., Zhmodik S.M. The nature of carbonization of highly carbonized rocks of the Eastern Sayan // Geochemistry. 2000. - No. 1. - P.73-77.

12. Davis J. Statistics and analysis of geological data. Publishing house "Mir", Moscow, 1977. - 572 p.

13. Deribas A.A., Dobretsov H.JL, Kudinov V.M., Zyuzin N.I. Shock compression of Si02 powders // Dokl. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1966. - T. 168. - No. 3. - P. 665-668.

14. Drits M.E., Svidernaya Z.A., Kadaner E.S. Autoradiography in metallurgy. M.: Metallurgizdat, 1961. P.

15. Zhmodik S.M., Zolotov B.N., Shestel S.T. Analysis of activation autoradiograms Au using digital image processing on a computer // Autoradiographic method in scientific research. M.: Nauka, 1990. P.121-126.

16. Zhmodik S.M., Zolotov B.N., Shestel S.T. Application of the “Pericqlor” system for the interpretation of activation autoradiograms of gold ores // Geology and Geophysics. 1989. - No. 5. - P.132-136.

17. Zhmodik S.M., Teplov S.N. The use of activation autoradiograms in X-ray spectral microanalysis of finely dispersed native gold. Proc. report XVI International Symposium on autoradiography. 1988. P.58-59.

18. Zhmodik S.M., Shvedenkov G.Yu., Verkhovtseva N.V. Experimental study of the distribution of iridium in hydrothermally synthesized sulfides of Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb using the radionuclide Ir-192 // Abstracts of ESEMPG-2002. M.: GEOKHI RAS, 2002.

19. Zuev L.B., Barannikova S.A., Zarikovskaya N.V., Zykov I.Yu. Phenomenology of wave processes of localized plastic flow // Solid State Physics 2001. - 43. - No. 8. - P. 423-1427.

20. Igoda T. Radioactive measurements using nuclear emulsions // Radiography. -M.: IL, 1952. P. 5-71.

21. Impactites / Ed. A.A. Marakusheva. M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1981. 240 p.

22. Karpov I.K., Zubkov V.S., Bychinsky V.A., Artimenko M.V. and others. Detonation in mantle flows of heavy hydrocarbons // Geology and Geophysics. 1998. - No. 6. - P. 754-763.

23. Komarov A.N., Skovorodin A.V. Study of the content and distribution of uranium in ultrabasic and basic rocks by recording tracks of fragments of induced fission of uranium // Geochemistry. 1969. - N 2. - P. 170-176.

24. Komarov A.N., Skovorodkin N.V., Karapetyan S.G. Determination of the age of natural glasses from the tracks of uranium fission fragments // Geochemistry. 1972. - No. 6. -P.693-698.

25. Kortukov E.V., Merkulov M.F. Electron microscopic autoradiography: -M.: Energoizdat, 1982. 152 p.

26. Kraitor S.N., Kuznetsova T.V. // Metrology of neutron radiation in reactors and accelerators. T. 1. M., TsNIIatominform, 1974. P. 146-149.

27. Kroeger F. Chemistry of imperfect crystals. M.: Mir, 1969. - 655 p.

28. Letnikov F.A. Formation of diamonds in deep tectonic zones // Dokl. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1983. - T. 271. - No. 2. - P. 433^135.

29. Marakushev A.A., Bogatyrev O.S., Fenogenov A.D. and others. Impactogenesis and volcanism // Petrology. 1993. - T. 1. - No. 6. - P.571-596.

30. Masaitis V.L. Mass concentration trend in impact glasses and tektites // Cosmochemistry and comparative planetology. M.: Nauka, 1989. P.142-149.

31. Miller R.L., Kann J.S. Statistical analysis in geological sciences. -M.: Mir, 1965.-482 p.

33. Mironov A.G., Zhmodik S.M. Precipitation of gold on sulfides according to autoradiography of the radioisotope 195Au // Geochemistry. 1980. - No. 7. - P.985-991.

34. Mironov A.G., Ivanov V.V., Sapin V.V. Study of the distribution of finely dispersed gold using autoradiography // Dokl. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1981. - T. 259. - N 5. - P. 1220-1224.

35. Mukhin K.N. Experimental nuclear physics. 4th ed., vol.1. M.: Energoizdat, 1983. 584 p.

36. Nazarov M.A. Geochemical evidence of major impact events in the geological history of the Earth: Dis. Doctor of Geol.-Min. Sci. M.:GEOKHI, 1995, - 48 p.

37. Nemets O.F., Gofman Yu.V. Handbook of Nuclear Physics. - Kyiv: Naukova Duma, 1975.-416 p.

38. Nesterenko V.F. Possibilities of shock wave methods for obtaining and compacting rapidly quenched materials // Physics of Combustion and Explosion. 1985. - No. 6. - P. 85-98.

39. Ovchinnikov JI.H. Applied geochemistry M.: Nedra, 1990 - 248 p.

40. Petrovskaya N.V. Native gold. - M.: Nauka, 1973. 347 p.

41. Radioisotope research methods in engineering geology and hydrogeolgy. - M.: Atomizdat, 1957. - 303 p.

43. Russov V.D., Babikova Yu.F., Yagola A.G. Reconstruction of images in electron microscopic autoradiography of surfaces. M.: Energoatomizdat, 1991. - 216 p.

44. Sattarov G., Baskakov M.P., Kist A.A. et al. Study of the localization of gold and other elements in ore minerals using neutron activation autoradiography // Izv. Academy of Sciences of the UzSSR. Ser. fiz.-mat., 1980, No. 1, p. 66-69.

45. Old man I.E. Fundamentals of radiochemistry. M., 1959. 460 p.

46. ​​Tauson B.JL, Pastushkova T.M., Bessarabova O.I. On the limit and form of gold incorporation into hydrothermal pyrite // Geology and Geophysics. 1998. - T. 39. - No. 7. - P. 924-933.

47. Titaeva N.A. Nuclear geochemistry: Textbook. M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2000. 336 p.

48. Tretyakov V.A. Solid-phase reactions. M.: Chemistry, 1978. 360 p.

49. Feldman V.I. Petrology of impactites. M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1990. 299 p.

50. Fleischer P.J.L., Price P.B., Walker P.M., Tracks of charged particles in solids. Principles and applications. In 3 hours: Transl. from English / Generally Ed. Yu.A. Shukolyukova. M.: Energoizdat, 1981. Part 1 - 152 p., Part 2 - 160 p., Part 3 - 152 p.

51. Flerov G.N., Berzina I.G. Radiography of minerals in rocks and ores. M.: Atomizdat, 1979.-221 p.

52. Flitsiyan E.S. Activation-radiographic methods of multi-element local analysis: Author's abstract. dis. D. Phys.-Math. Sci. - Dubna, 1995. 83 p.

53. Chernov A.A. Theory of nonequilibrium capture of impurities during crystal growth // DAN, 1960, T. 132. No. 4. P. 818-821.

54. Chikov B.M. Shear stress structuring in the lithosphere: varieties, mechanisms, conditions // Geology and Geophysics. 1992. - No. 9. - P.3-39.

55. Chikov B.M., Pyatin S.A., Soloviev A.N. Pulse compaction of granite cataclasite // Preprint (Russian and English), Novosibirsk: OIGGiM So RAS, 1991.-9p.

56. Shirokikh I.N., Akimtsev V.A., Vaskov A.S., Borovikov A.A., Kozachenko I.V. // Second Int. Symp. “Gold of Siberia”: Abstract. report Krasnoyarsk: KNIIGiMS, 2001. pp. 44-46.

57. Shtertser A.A. On the transfer of pressure into porous media under explosive loading // Physics of Combustion and Explosion. 1988. - No. 5. - P.113-119.

58. Experimental study of the geochemistry of gold using the method of radioisotope tracers / Mironov A. G., Almukhamedov A. I., Geletiy V. F. et al. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1989. - 281 p.

59. Alvarez J.M. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous tertiary extinction // Science. - 1980. - V. 208. - No. 4. - P.44-48.

60. Alvarez L.W., Alvarez W., Asaro F., Michel H.V. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction // Science. 1980. - V. 208. - P. 1095-1108.

61. Arnold R. G. Equilibrium relations between pyrrhotite and pyrite from 325° to 743°C // Economic Geology. 1962. - V. 57. - No. 1. - P.521-529.

62. Berger B.R., Bagby W.C. // Gold Metallogenesis and Exploration. /Ed. R. P. Foster. Blackie and Son. Ltd. Glasgow, Scotland, 1991. P.210-248.

63. Bleecken S. Die abbildungseigenschaften autoradiographischer systeme //Z. Naturforschg. 1968. - Bd. 23b. - N 10. S. 1339-1359.

64. Cartwright B.G., Shirk E.K., Price P.B. A nuclear-track-recording polymer of unique sensitivity and resolution // Nuclear Instruments and Methods. 1978. - N 153. P. 457.

65. Erdtmann G. Neutron activation tables. Weinheim-New York: Verlag Chemie, 1976.- 146 p.

66. Evans D.W., Alberts J.J., Clare R.A. Refevrisble ion-exchange fixation of 137Cs leading to mobilization from reservoir sediments // Geochim. Et Cosmochim. Acta. 1983. -V. 47, - N 6. - P.1041-1049.

67. Fleischer R.L., Price P.B., Walker R.M.: Nuclear Tracks in Solids: Principles and Applications. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975. 605 p.

68. Fleisher R. Tracks to innovation interplay between science and technology // Radiation Measurements. - 1997. - v. 28. - N 1-6. - P.763-772.

69. Flitsiyan E.S. Application of activation radiography in experimental investigation // Radiation Measurements. 1995. - v. 25. -N 1-4. - P.367-372.

70. Flitsiyan E.S. Use of Neutron-activation techniques for studying elemental distributions: applications in geochemistry, ecology and technology // Radiation Measurements. 1997. - v. 28. - N 1-6. - P.369-378.

71. Flitsiyan E. Use of neutron-activation techniques for studying elemental distributions. Application to geochemistry // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 1998. -N275-277.-P. 918-923.

72. Garnish I.D., Hughes I.D.H. Quantitative analysis of boron in solids by autoradiography. //J. Mater. Sci. -1972. v. 7. - N 1. - P.7-13.

73. Goodman C. Geological application of nuclear physics // J. Appl. Phys. 1942. - V. 13, N 5. - P.276-289.

74. Goodman C., Thompson G.A. Autoradiography of minerals // Am. Miner. 1943. -V. 28.-P. 456.

75. Mironov A.G., Zhmodik S.M., Ochirov I.C. Determination of gold and uranium mineralization in black schists and sulfide ores using radiography complex // Radiation Measurements. 1995. - v. 25. - N 1-6. - P.495-498.

76. Mycroft J.R., Bancroft G.M., McNtyre, Lorimer J.W. Spontaneous deposition of gold on pyrite from solutions containing Au (III) and Au (I) chlorides. Part I: A surface study//Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 1995. - V. 59. - P.3351-3365.

77. Mysen B.O. Partitioning of samarium and nickel between olivine, orthopyroxene and liquid: Preliminary data at 20 kbar and 1025 °C. //Earth and Planetary Science Letters. -1976. V31,-N 1 -P.7.

78. Mysen, B.O., Eggler, D.H., Seitz, M.G., and Holloway, J.R. Carbon dioxide solubilities in silicate melts and crystals. Part I. Solubility measurements // American Journal of Science. 1976. - N 276, - P. 455-479.

79. Nageldinger G., Flowers A., Schwerdt C., Kelz R. Autoradiographic film evaluated with desktop scanner // Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. 1998. - N 416.-P.516-524.

80. Nesterenko V.F. Dynamics of heterogeneous materials. New-York: Springer-Verlag, 2001.-510 p.

81. Ponomarenko V.A., Matvienko V.I., Gabdullin G.G., Molnar J. An automatic image analysis system for dielectric track detectors // Radiation Measurement. 1995. - v. 25.-N 1-4.-P. 769-770.

82. Potts Ph.J. Neutron activation induced Beta autoradiography as a technique for locating minor phases in thin section application to rare earth element and platinum-group element mineral analysis // Econ. Geol. 1984. - V. 79. N 4. - P.738-747.

83. Scaini M.J., Bancroft G.M., Knipe S.W. Au XPS, AES, and SEM study of the interactions of gold and silver chloride species with PbS and FeS2: comparison to natural samples // Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 1997. - V. 61. - P.1223-1231.

84. Silk E.C.H., Barnes R.S. Examination of fission fragment tracks with an electron microscope // Philos. Mag. 1959. - V.4. - N 44. - P. 970-977.

85. Steinnes E. Epithermal neutron activation analysis of geological materials // In: Brunfelt A.O. and Steinnes E., eds., Activation analysis in geochemistry and cosmochemistry: Oslo, Universitetsforlaget. 1971. - P. 113-128.

86. Tauson V.L. Gold solubility in the common gold-bearing minerals. Experimental evacuation and application to pyrite // Europ. J. Mineral. 1999. - V. 11.- P.937-947.

87. Verkhovtseva N.V., Zhmodik S.M., Chikov B.M., Airijants E.V., Nemirovskaya N.A. Experimental study of gold redistribution during the process of shock-wave stress // Abstracts of EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 2003.

88. Yokota R, Nakajima S, Muto Y. // Nucl. Instrum. And Meth. 1968. - V. 61. - N 1. P. 119-120.

89. Zhmodik S.M., Airiyants E.V. Experimental study of low-temperature interaction of sulfides and precious metal solutions of Au, Ag, Ir // Water-Rock Interaction. Balkema: Rotterdam. 1995. - P.841-844.

90. Zhmodik S.M., Shvedenkov G.Y., Verkhovtseva N.V. Distribution of Iridium in Hydro thermal Synthesized Sulphides Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb using Radioisotope Ir-192 // Canadian Mineralogist. 2004. - v. 42. - p 2. - P.405-410.

91. Zhmodik S.M., Shvedenkov G.Y., Verkhovtseva N.V. Distribution of Iridium in Hydrothermal Synthesized Sulphides Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb using Radioisotope Ir-192 // 9th International Platinum Symposium: Book of abstr., 2002. P.493-496.

92. Zhmodik S.M., Verkhovtseva N.V., Chikov B.M., Nemirovskaya N.A., Ayriyants E.V., Nesterenko V.F. Shock induced gold redistribution in quartz-pyrite mixture // Bulletin of the American Physical Society. 2003. - v. 48. - N 4. - P. 75.