Centers of cultural diversity and origin. Centers of diversity and origin of cultivated plants according to N.I. Vavilov. Pet Origin & Domestication Centers

14.07.2019

Lesson Type - combined

Methodspartially search, problem statement, reproductive, explanatory and illustrative.

Purpose:

Students' awareness of the importance of all the issues discussed, the ability to build their relations with nature and society on the basis of respect for life, for all life as a unique and invaluable part of the biosphere;

Tasks:

Educational: show the multiplicity of factors acting on organisms in nature, the relativity of the concept of “harmful and beneficial factors”, the diversity of life on planet Earth and the adaptations of living beings to the entire spectrum of environmental conditions.

Developing: to develop communication skills, the ability to independently acquire knowledge and stimulate their cognitive activity; the ability to analyze information, highlight the main thing in the studied material.

Educational:

The formation of an ecological culture based on the recognition of the value of life in all its manifestations and the need for a responsible, respectful attitude to the environment.

Building an understanding of the value of a healthy and safe lifestyle

Personal:

the education of Russian civil identity: patriotism, love and respect for the Fatherland, a sense of pride in their homeland;

Formation of a responsible attitude to learning;

3) The formation of a holistic worldview, corresponding to the modern level of development of science and public practice.

Cognitive: the ability to work with various sources of information, transform it from one form to another, compare and analyze information, draw conclusions, prepare messages and presentations.

Regulatory: ability to organize tasks independently, evaluate the correctness of the work, reflection of their activities.

Communicative: The formation of communicative competence in communication and cooperation with peers, older and younger in the process of educational, socially useful, educational research, creative and other activities.

Expected Results

Subjects:to know - the concepts of "habitat", "ecology", "environmental factors", their impact on living organisms, "the connection of living and nonliving" ;. To be able to - define the concept of "biotic factors"; characterize biotic factors, give examples.

Personal:make judgments, search and select information; analyze relationships, compare, find the answer to a problematic question

Meta subject:.

The ability to independently plan ways to achieve goals, including alternative ones, to consciously choose the most effective ways to solve educational and cognitive tasks.

The formation of semantic reading skills.

Form of organization of educational activity - individual, group

Teaching methods: visual-illustrative, explanatory-illustrative, partially-search, independent work with additional literature and a textbook, with the center.

Receptions:analysis, synthesis, inference, translation of information from one form to another, generalization.

Objectives: to generalize knowledge about the diversity of plants, their origin, structural features and vital processes of the main departments; to acquaint with the main evolutionary stages of the development of the plant world on Earth and their importance for the further development of the organic world; give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe methods for studying extinct plants.

Equipment and materials: list of various classes of angiosperms, tables: “Development of the plant world”, “Photosynthesis”, herbarium of mosses, plunders, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms, collection “Fossil remains of living organisms”, pieces of coal with imprints of ancient plants, petrified remains of ancient plants, geochronological scale, landscapes of the Carboniferous and other periods (you can use students' drawings).

Key words and concepts: autotrophs, heterotrophs, eukaryotes, or nuclear, prokaryotes, or pre-nuclear; organic compounds, solar energy, aromorphosis, competition; blue-green algae, cyanobacteria; sexual reproduction, competition; ozone screen, riniophytes, psilophytes; fern-nicknames, horsetails and lice, mosses, gymnosperms, angiosperms; ecological niche, paleontology, paleobotany, radiocarbon method, evolution.

During the classes

Knowledge Update

Crossword Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants

1. Bread culture.

2. Annual or perennial crops, juicy meaty parts of which a person eats.

3. A group of plants cultivated by a person to obtain fruits, berries, nuts.

4. Cultivated plant, the birthplace of which is the European-Siberian Center.

5. Plants that provide raw materials for various sectors of the national economy.

6. Vegetable, whose homeland is Mexico.

7. The most important group of cultivated plants cultivated mainly to produce grain.

8. Cereal, the birthplace of which is South India.

9. Her homeland is China.

10 "The Sun Flower". For a long time in Russia remained decorative.

11.cultures from which vegetable oil is obtained.

12.Plant from Mexico.

14.This vegetable comes from the Mediterranean and Central Asia.

Practical work on the topic:

"Centers of origin of cultivated plants"

Exercise 1. Distribute the plants in the centers (each option distributes all 48 plant names in their centers).

1st option

South Asian tropical; Abyssinian; South American.

2nd option

East Asian; Mediterranean; Central American

3rd option

South West Asian; South American Abyssinian.

Names of plants:

1) sunflower;
2) cabbage;
3) pineapple;
4) rye;
5) millet;
6) tea;
7) durum wheat;
8) peanuts;
9) watermelon;
10) lemon;
11) sorghum;
12) kaolin;
13) cocoa;
14) melon;
15) an orange;
16) eggplant;

17) hemp;
18) sweet potato;
19) castor oil plant;
20) beans;
21) barley;
22) mangoes;
23) oats;
24) persimmon;
25) cherries;
26) coffee;
27) tomato;
28) grapes;
29) soybeans;
30) olive;
31) potatoes;
32) onions;

44) pumpkin;
45) linen;
46) carrots;
47) jute;
48) soft wheat.

Task 2.Work with map . On the contour map, mark all centers of origin of cultivated plants, indicate the geographical location of the centers.

Task 3.Fill the table. Compare the centers with the geographical location and cultivated plants.

Plant centers	Geographical position	Cultivated plants
Abyssinian
South Asian Tropical
East Asian
South West Asian
Mediterranean
Central American
South American

Ethiopian Highlands of Africa

South mexico

Task 4.Answer the questions with a complete and detailed answer.

1. Why are most cultivated plants vegetatively propagated?

2. Why are breeders trying to create polypoid plants?

3. What is the essence of the law of homological series in the hereditary theory of N. I. Vavilov?

4. What is the difference between domesticated and cultivated plants?

5. For what purpose are mutagens used in breeding?

ANSWERS TO PRACTICAL WORK.

Table 1. Centers of origin of cultivated plants (according to N.I. Vavilov)

Center Name	Geographical position	Cultivated plants
South Asian Tropical	Tropical India, Indochina, South China, Southeast Asia	Rice, sugarcane, cucumber, eggplant, black pepper, banana, sugar palm, saga palm, breadfruit, tea, lemon, orange, mango, jute, etc. (50% of cultivated plants)
East Asian	Central and Eastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan	Soy, millet, buckwheat, plum, cherry, radish, mulberry, kaolin, hemp, persimmon, Chinese apples, opium poppy, rhubarb, cinnamon, olive and others (20% of cultivated plants)
South West Asian	Asia Minor, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Southwest India	Soft wheat, rye, flax, hemp, turnip, carrots, garlic, grapes, apricot, pear, peas, beans, melon, barley, oats, sweet cherries, spinach, basil, walnuts, etc. (14% of cultivated plants)
Mediterranean	Countries along the shores of the Mediterranean	Cabbage, sugar beets, olive (olive), clover, lentils, lupine, onions, mustard, rutabaga, asparagus, celery, dill, sorrel, caraway seeds and others (11% of cultivated plants)
Abyssinian	Ethiopian Highlands of Africa	Durum wheat, barley, coffee tree, grain sorghum, bananas, chickpeas, watermelon, castor oil plant, etc.
Central American	South mexico	Corn, long-fiber cotton, cocoa, pumpkin, tobacco, beans, red pepper, sunflower, sweet potato, etc.
South American	South America along the west coast	Potatoes, pineapple, quinine tree, cassava, tomatoes, peanuts, cocaine bush, garden strawberries, etc.
1st option South Asian tropical; Abyssinian; South American.	2nd option East Asian; Mediterranean; Central American	3rd option South West Asian; South American Abyssinian
Names of plants:
1) sunflower; 2) cabbage; 3) pineapple; 4) rye; 5) millet; 6) tea; 7) durum wheat; 8) peanuts; 9) watermelon; 10) lemon; 11) sorghum; 12) kaolin; 13) cocoa; 14) melon; 15) an orange; 16) eggplant;	17) hemp; 18) sweet potato; 19) castor oil plant; 20) beans; 21) barley; 22) mangoes; 23) oats; 24) persimmon; 25) cherries; 26) coffee; 27) tomato; 28) grapes; 29) soybeans; 30) olive; 31) potatoes; 32) onions;	33) peas; 34) rice; 35) a cucumber; 36) radish; 37) cotton; 38) corn; 39) Chinese apples; 40) sugarcane; 41) a banana; 42) tobacco; 43) sugar beets; 44) pumpkin; 45) linen; 46) carrots; 47) jute; 48) soft wheat.
Answers:
1st option South Asian Tropical: 6; 10; 15; 16; 22; 34; 35; 40; 41; 47. Mediterranean: 2; 30; 32; 43. South American: 3; 8; 27; 31.	2nd option East Asian: 5; 12; 17; 24; 29; 36; 39. Abyssinian: 7; 9; 11; 19; 26. Central American: 1; 13; 18; 20; 37; 38; 42.	3rd option South West Asian: 4; 14; 21; 23; 25; 28; 33; 45; 46; 48. South American: 3; 8; 27; 31. Abyssinian: 7; 9; 11; 19; 26.
Center Name	Geographical position	Cultivated plants
South Asian Tropical	Tropical India, Indochina, South China, Southeast Asia
East Asian	Central and Eastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan
South West Asian	Asia Minor, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Southwest India
Mediterranean	Countries along the shores of the Mediterranean
Abyssinian	Ethiopian Highlands of Africa
Central American	South mexico
South American	South America along the west coast

Resources:

I.N. Ponomareva, O.A. Kornilov-va, V.S. KuchmenkoBiology: Grade 6: textbook for students of educational institutions

Serebryakova T.I.., Elenevsky A.G., Gulenkova M.A. et al. Biology. Plants, Bacteria, Mushrooms, Lichens. Trial textbook for grades 6-7 of high school

N.V. PreobrazhenskayaWorkbook on biology for the textbook In V. Pasechnik "Biology Grade 6. Bacteria, fungi, plants "

V.V. Beekeeper. A manual for teachers of educational institutions Biology lessons. Grades 5-6

Kalinina A.A. Class work in biology 6th grade

Vakhrushev A.A., Rodygina O.A., Lovyagin S.N. Verification and verification work to

textbook "Biology", 6th grade

Presentation Hosting

A huge amount of plant material was collected on four continents of the globe N.I. Vavilov and his employees.

Under his leadership and according to his proposed program, this material was studied for a long time. The studies confirmed the assumptions of N.I. Vavilov about the existence of five independent centers of morphogenesis of cultivated plants - about five centers of their origin. And in 1926, the scientist first published his capital work, "Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants."

Then, in 1935, after a more detailed and lengthy study of the varietal wealth of the globe in laboratories, on experimental plots of VIR and its network, N. I. Vavilov in his work “Botanical and geographical foundations of selection” significantly expanded the previous concept of centers of origin of cultivated plants.

This work sets forth the original doctrine of the geographical distribution of varietal plant wealth of the globe as the basis on which practical selection should be based. N. I. Vavilov for the first time tried to establish the areas of origin and the geographical location of the main potentials (possibilities) of the most important agricultural crops: cereals, industrial, vegetable, fruit and subtropical plants.

Foci of formation, or geographical centers of origin, of cultivated plants were established using the differential botanical and geographical method, which consists in the following:

“In the strict differentiation of the studied plant into Linnean species and genetic groups using morphological-systematic, hybridological, cytological and immunological analyzes.

In establishing the range of these species, if possible, in the earlier distant time, when communications were more difficult than at present.

In a detailed definition of the composition of botanical varieties and races of each species or the general system of hereditary variation within individual species.

In clarifying the distribution of the hereditary diversity of forms of this species by region and country; in establishing geographical centers of accumulation of the main diversity. ”

Differentiation is dismemberment. Genetic groups are related in origin. Morphological and systematic analysis - the study of a plant taking into account the forms and structure of plants and their distribution into groups according to similarity and difference. Hybridology - the study of hybrid crossbreeds. Cytology is the science of the structure and vital manifestations of plant cells. Immunological analysis - the attitude of plants to infectious diseases. Range - area of \u200b\u200bdistribution.

NI Vavilov distinguished secondary foci from primary primary foci of formation. So, sometimes the modern accumulation of varietal diversity is the result of the convergence of species or their interbreeding. For example, an extremely large number of wheat species have been found in Spain. However, the number of varieties and races within individual species is very small compared with their diversity in the actual centers of morphogenesis of these species. The diversity of wheat species in Spain is explained by their attraction from other foci.

The systematic study of the world plant resources of the most important cultivated plants radically changed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe variety and species composition of even seemingly well-studied crops such as wheat, potatoes, corn, legumes, flax and rye. In general, almost half of the new species and many varieties of these cultivated plants have been discovered. The discovery of new species and varieties of potatoes literally revolutionized previous ideas about its original breeding material.

Three quarters of the new botanical species and half of the new species are found in wheat. An exceptional variety of varieties of wheat and barley was discovered in Ethiopia. A very large number of new varieties and cultures were found in Afghanistan, Turkey, and Northwest India. A significant number of cultivated plant species did not go beyond their primary primary ancient foci. Dozens and hundreds of species of cultivated plants have been cultivated for thousands of years where they were introduced into the culture.

In Central and South America, the primary areas of speciation were "extremely narrowly localized" (limited to a specific location). The most interesting areas of primary formation and speciation of wheat, rye and especially fruit plants are the Soviet Transcaucasia and the adjacent areas of North-West Iran and North-East Turkey. Here, one could still trace the process of speciation of different plants.

Even for such ancient plants as wheat, barley, corn, cotton, which have long settled in all continents, it was possible to establish with great accuracy the main areas of the primary species potential.

The coincidence of the areas of primary morphogenesis for many species and even genera is established. In some cases, we can talk about the same habitats for dozens of species. Geographical study has led to the establishment of entire cultural independent flora specific to particular areas.

Summing up the study of plant material collected by expeditions covering up to 60 countries, as well as the entire Soviet Union, N.I. Vavilov in 1935 already outlined eight main ancient centers of world agriculture, more precisely, eight independent areas for introducing various plants into the culture. These foci are as follows.

I. Chinese hearth The origin of cultivated plants is the mountainous Central and Western China with the lowlands adjacent to it. This outbreak is characterized by an exceptionally large number of cultivated plants (temperate, subtropical and partly tropical) - 136 different cultures are representatives of this outbreak.

The most important endemic zones of its temperate zone: millet (three species), buckwheat, soybeans, legumes (several species), of oilseeds - suza, tung tree, radish. An exceptionally large number of species of water plants specific to China. Many citrus fruits originate from China.

In general, the cultural flora of China is extremely original and differs sharply from other primary centers of agriculture. By the richness of endemic species, by the size of the species and generic potential of cultivated plants, China is particularly distinguished from other foci.

Potency is an opportunity; that which exists in hidden form and can manifest itself under certain conditions.

The types of cultural flora of China are represented by a huge number of botanical varieties: the variety of soybeans, persimmons, adzuki beans, citrus fruits is determined by thousands of easily distinguishable forms.

II. Indian hearth origin of cultivated plants (includes Assam and Burma) - the birthplace of rice, sugar cane, a large number of legumes, many tropical fruit plants (mangoes) and many citrus fruits - lemons, oranges, and some types of mandarin. Assam stands out for its citrus richness.

There are wild types of rice; ordinary rice in the wild and in the form of weed, as well as intermediate forms between wild and cultivated rice. The varied composition of cultural rice in India is the richest in the world and is characterized mainly by the presence of dominant features. In total, 117 different cultures were found in this outbreak.

IIa. Indo-Malay hearth origin of cultivated plants - the Malay archipelago (Java, Sumatra, Borneo), the Philippines and Indochina. This focus is almost entirely located in the tropical zone, little studied, extremely rich in wild flora, almost unexplored.

Here is concentrated the wealth of forms of fruit crops - bananas, some citrus fruits; palms areca and herring, coconut palm (like an oil plant); sugar plants - sugarcane (one of the foci), sugar palm. Of the spicy - cardamom, cloves, nutmeg. Only 55 plants.

III. Central Asian outbreak origin of cultivated plants - North-West India (now Pakistan), all of Afghanistan, the Tajik and Uzbek SSRs and the Western Tien Shan. This outbreak is significantly inferior to the first two in the number of species, but it is very important for Soviet breeding. Here is the birthplace of the main bread of the earth - soft wheat, the enormous potential of its varietal diversity, the birthplace of dwarf and round-grain wheat, the most important leguminous crops - peas, lentils, ranks, chickpeas, horse beans.

Here cotton - goose was introduced into the culture, from which many oil plants originate. This is one of the centers of flax, sesame, coriander, safflower, the main center of carrots of Asian forms, a secondary center for melons, one of the centers of pistachios, apricots and almonds with a wide variety of its forms.

There are only 42 plant species, but they are distinguished by their exceptional intraspecific diversity, especially in the most important crop - soft and dwarf wheat.

IV. Central Asian hearth The origin of cultivated plants is Inner Asia Minor, all of Transcaucasia, Persia (now Iran) and Mountain Turkmenistan (Soviet). This focus is remarkable for the exceptional richness of cultivated wheat species: nine botanical wheat species are endemic to the regions of Asia Minor. Within the Soviet Union, in Armenia there are more than 200 varieties of wheat out of a total of 650 of them. In Armenia, a great variety of wheat forms have been found - single-rooted and double-roasted.

Transcaucasia and Asia Minor are the main homeland of rye, which is represented here by a wide variety of forms, in contrast to the exclusively uniform rye of Europe. Here, new species of wild rye were found.

Front Asia is the birthplace of grapes, pears, cherry plums, cherries, pomegranates, walnuts, quinces, almonds and figs. The first gardens were created here. In Georgia and Armenia, and now you can observe all the evolutionary phases of fruit growing: from forests consisting of wild fruit trees to modern gardening.

The entire main assortment of grape varieties was borrowed by Europeans from Asia Minor, where grapes were found in the wild, quite suitable for culture.

From Turkey, Persia (Iran) and our Central Asia comes all the world wealth of melon varieties. Many forage herbs: alfalfa, Persian clover (sabdar), some sainfoin, fenugreek, sowing vetch and others originate from Asia Minor.

V. Mediterranean hearth The origin of cultivated plants includes all countries of the coast and islands of the Mediterranean Sea. In this focus, first of all, one can trace the great role of man in the selection of various plant forms for culture. Plants cultivated in these countries have gradually acquired the most cultivated economic characteristics.

Most of the cultivated plants of this hearth - flax, barley, beans, chickpeas - are characterized by coarse-grained, large-fruited, while in their present homeland (Central Asia) they are represented by fine-grained forms.

It is interesting that here every great civilization introduced its fodder plant into its culture: Egypt (now the United Arab Republic) and Syria - Alexandrian clover, on the Apennine peninsula introduced sulla and creeping giant clover, on the Iberian Peninsula - monochromatic lentils. A rank came from Syria, from Portugal - Ulex.

Many of the important cultivated plants (wheat, legumes) are very diverse in variety and species composition, which indicates a secondary focus of their origin.

Here is the birthplace of olive, carob, a large number of vegetable crops, including beets, sandy oats and other plants. In total, there are 83 plant species in this outbreak.

VI. Abyssinian hearth origin of cultivated plants - Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia.

The number of plants native to Ethiopia is small. As already mentioned, during a visit to her by N.I. Vavilov in 1927, she practically did not know either vegetable or fruit plants. There basically was a kingdom of field crops with their exceptional varietal diversity.

Despite the limited cultivated area and the relatively uniform ecological conditions of Ethiopia, exceptional varietal wealth was discovered there.

The main areas for sowing cultivated plants in Ethiopia are concentrated in mountainous areas from 1,500 to 2,500 meters above sea level.

Ethiopia ranks first in the number of botanical varieties of wheat, while the genetic and physiological studies of these wheat have shown that they should be distinguished as special botanical species.

In Ethiopia, the center for the shaping of cultured barley, is nowhere else in such a diversity of its forms. Here is the birthplace of cereal - teffa, a peculiar form of flax cultivated for seeds, from which flour is obtained.

VII. South Mexican and Central American Center origin of cultivated plants (includes the Antilles). The main feature of this center of shaping is the sharp localization of the centers of agriculture. This center is limited to the southern regions of Mexico and the small territories (mountains) of Guatemala and Honduras, where the main wealth of cultivated plants of the New World is concentrated.

Here is the birthplace of corn, which has the same meaning in the New World as wheat in the Old World; without it, Maya civilization could not have arisen; homeland; The closest relative of corn is the wild species Theosinte, the main American species of beans, pumpkins, peppers, and tropical fruit plants. From here came the culture of cocoa, sweet potato, Mexican tomato.

The best varieties of American cotton come from Southern Mexico - the Uplands, on which world cotton growing is based.

Endemic cultures are concentrated in the limited territories of South Mexico and Central America, while in the vast expanses of North America, both in the past and now, agriculture is based on borrowed cultures.

Viii. South American (Peruvian-Ecuador-Bolivian) Center origin of cultivated plants. Here, Soviet expeditions discovered huge and completely untouched clusters of cultivated plants.

Dozens of new cultivated and close to them wild species of potato have been discovered that have been used by Indian tribes since ancient times.

The highlands of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador store original endemics, ranging from potatoes and horse-tuberous plants - oka, anyu, uljuko, characteristic only of this part of the globe. Of the cereals, Bolivian lupins and two species of quinoa (quinoa and kanyua) were found here.

In these limited territories, 45 species of various plants have been collected, and the crop culture here is non-irrigated and concentrated in the mountain plains, in the so-called pune.

VIIIa. Chiloan hearth - a small area of \u200b\u200bthe island of Chiloe, located off the coast of southern Chile, is somewhat different from the VIII outbreak. From here, Europeans first borrowed ordinary potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), characterized by 48 chromosomes. It turned out to be suitable for the conditions of Europe, it adapts well to a long day. Most of the forms of potato that are of great interest for breeding from Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador require a short day for normal development in the usual conditions of Europe, where long daylight hours do not form tubers.

VIIIb. Brazilian-Paraguayan outbreak. Huge Brazil is filled with rich wild flora - up to 40,000 species, but so far has given the world a very small number of cultivated plants. The most important of them are pineapple, peanut and cassava. These plants grow in semi-arid, dry areas. The rubber tree, whose homeland is the Amazon River Valley, is there in the wild; it was introduced into the culture by the Dutch and British in South Asia.

In the pre-Columbian period, the American Indian tribes of North America cultivated sunflower and an earthen pear (Jerusalem artichoke) in the United States, where they are still found in the wild.

All eight main foci of the species and varietal potential of the most important plants on earth are strictly localized, separated by deserts or mountain ranges that separate them.

The Chinese hearth is separated from the Central Asian huge desert and mountain semi-deserts of Central Asia. The Near-Asian center is separated from the Central Asian Bakvian (Afghanistan) and Seistan (Iran) deserts. The Central Asian hearth from India proper is separated by the Thar desert. Deserts from the south and east adjoin the Mediterranean hearth. Ethiopia is surrounded by a "beru". The Atacama Desert adjoins the mountainous regions of Peru and Bolivia from the west. To the north of the Mexican hearth is a desert highland.

The geography of these centers itself has its own peculiarities - “the presence of insulators that contributed to the autonomous development of flora, human settlements, and in their interaction independent agricultural crops arose. For primitive peoples, these deserts were a huge obstacle, separating them from each other for a long time. "

Based on the results of a detailed and lengthy study of varietal wealth collected (about 250,000 samples of seeds and planting material were collected during the life of N.I. Vavilov), expeditions of N.I. Vavilov and his employees, as well as obtained in other ways, compiled differential maps geographical localization of varieties of wheat, oats, barley, rye, corn, millet, flax, peas, lentils, beans, beans, chickpeas, ranks, potatoes, carrots and other root crops, tomatoes. On these maps you can see where the main varietal variety of these plants is concentrated.

In the chapter “World Foci (Centers of Origin) of the Most Important Cultivated Plants,” N. I. Vavilov lists 640 of the most important cultivated plants of the earth, of which five-sixth of the total number known in the world fall to the countries of the Old World. The New World has given humanity about 100 plant species.

Within the Old World, the bulk of cultivated plants originated in mountain and tropical Asia - more than 400 plants.

All this shows a complex picture of the distribution of varietal potential on the globe, different from that presented, for example, by the famous botanists Alfons de Candoll or Laubach about the birthplace of wheat.

The study of world plant resources made it possible to completely master the source material for breeding in the Soviet Union and completely re-pose the problem of source material for breeding.

In search of new forms of cultivated plants, Nikolai Ivanovich also turned to weeds, which, displacing the main primary crops, gradually turned into cultivated plants, for example, rye, oats, saffron milk cap, colza, several types of South American potatoes.

Thus, to search for new useful signs of oats, the breeder can turn, for example, to the centers of the ancient spelled culture, as this culture is clogged with oats and stores a large and original variety of signs of cultural oats.

When studying the geographical distribution of species and varietal composition in primary foci and the spread of plants from these foci, certain patterns were found that facilitate the search for the necessary plant material.

The regularities discovered by N.I. Vavilov indicate that the primary foci of the morphogenesis of cultivated plants differ not only in a large number of forms and races, but also in the presence of predominantly dominant traits in plants. As the cultural species move from the centers of morphogenesis to the periphery, recessive signs begin to prevail in them. The most interesting recessive traits from practical point of view have been found in mountain isolators.

In China, the global diversity of barley barley, barley millet, and coarse bare oats is concentrated. Recessive forms of waxy corn, asparagus beans, and asparagus lobia have also been isolated here. Peculiar liguli-free forms of rye, soft and dwarf wheat were found in the Pamirs, in the mountain isolators of Badakhshan in Afghanistan and in the Shugnan region of our mountainous Tajikistan; hard ligulum-free wheat - on the island of Cyprus; coarse-grained and coarse-grained plants of the Mediterranean countries differ. Plants with signs of early maturity, drought tolerance and many others are located in a certain geographical correctness.

So, in each region of the globe there is a certain set of cultivated plants and their forms with certain morphological, environmental and other characteristics.

As a result of the systematic collection of world collections of cultivated plants and their differentiated botanical and geographical studies, N. I. Vavilov discovered a new world of cultivated plants with all its diversity, created a new direction in the science of cultivated plants; developed the doctrine of the source material for Soviet selection and the basis of plant introduction for our country.

Introduction - literally means introduction (in agriculture - new plants, varieties from other countries), but N. I. Vavilov gives the “introduction of new crops” a more complex concept.

When studying the same material, a differential intraspecific taxonomy of cultivated plants arose, as a result of which N. I. Vavilov’s doctrine “Linnaeus species as a system” appeared. All this made it possible to undertake the publication of a large collective work, "Cultural Flora of the USSR." During the life of Nikolai Ivanovich, seven volumes of these works were published.

“Cultural flora” encompassed the species and varietal diversity of all plants throughout the globe, which are of practical importance in the crop production of our country. The very possibility of compiling and publishing such a work on the basis of a huge world variety that was first discovered and studied according to a certain plan shows the unprecedented height of N.I. Vavilov's science of cultivated plants in our country.

The practical significance for our country of the collection and study of “world plant resources” is evidenced by a large number of facts. For example, in the twenties of the current century, world potato growing suffered greatly from fungal and viral diseases of plants of a single and poorly studied cultivated potato species. However, from the varietal wealth of cultivated and wild potatoes collected by Soviet botanists in South America, forms and races were selected, which are distinguished by exceptional cold resistance, resistance to late blight and other diseases. Already during the life of N.I. Vavilov, Soviet botanists established 18 species of cultivated and wild potatoes.

The invaluable merit of N. I. Vavilov lies precisely in the fact that, attaching importance to the study of potatoes in his homeland - in South America, he organized (in 1926-1932) a series of expeditions (S. M. Bukasov, S. V. Yuzepchuk and N.I. Vavilov himself), who collected and discovered many new types of cultivated and wild potatoes. This made it possible to mobilize exceptional source material for its selection. The problem, which no breeder could dream of either in Europe or in America - the cultivation of cold-resistant, late blight-resistant and starchy varieties of potatoes - became feasible not only in the USSR, but in all countries of the world.

In addition, the discovery of new species refuted the traditional idea of \u200b\u200bthe species unity of cultivated potatoes.

No less important for domestic selection is the world collection of VIR wheat, most of which was collected by N. I. Vavilov himself. Most recently zoned new varieties of winter durum wheat were obtained by hybridization or individual selection from samples of the VIR collection of the Abyssinian group, characterized by early maturity, or the Syrian-Palestinian group (horanicum Vav.), Characterized by early maturity, heat demanding, low hard straw and grain shape, close to rounded (ideal).

With the involvement of samples of these wheat groups, the Khoranka 46 variety was bred at the Tajik Institute of Agriculture and three varieties at the Azerbaijan Institute of Agriculture: Khoranka, Ag-Bugda 13 and Shark. Durum wheat of the villosum Jakub. Group brought by N.I. Vavilov from Palestine served as the basis for the new Ukrainian winter wheat variety - Kievskaya.

Of great interest is also the group of wheat (ewropaea Vav.) Harvested in North Africa and Southern Europe and characterized by spike productivity, grain size and straw strength. Samples of Algerian, Tunisian wheat and others from this group served as a good starting material for breeders of the Krasnodar Territory, Volga Region, and medium-Chernozem regions.

An interesting group of wheat (caspicum Vav.), Wintering in Dagestan and Transcaucasia, studied in detail by N. I. Vavilov, is no less interesting. Derbent black-eared and Tajik black-spike were derived from them.

Very valuable groups of soft wheat collected by a scientist in Argentina are represented mainly by hybrid forms (obtained mainly by

odaleynoy hybridization). Wheat plants of these groups are weakly affected by brown rust, do not lie down and do not crumble. They also served as the starting material for the creation of many new varieties of soft wheat for different zones of the USSR (Azerbaijan 1, Azerbaijan 2, Ossetian 3, Yubileynaya Ossetia, Skorospelaya 3, Bezostaya 4 - strong).

Strong wheat contain a high percentage of protein and have good baking qualities.

The wheat of Afghanistan, Sweden, Germany, England, Poland, Canada, the United States also served as the starting material for the creation of new breeding varieties in the USSR.

On the materials collected by the expeditions of N.I. Vavilov in Soviet times, the entire selection of cotton was based. The culture of wet subtropics was built on the assortment brought either by the expeditions of N.I. Vavilov, or by experts sent by the corresponding Soviet organizations according to his plan.

VIR during the last ten years of life of N.I. Vavilov annually sent hundreds of thousands of samples of seeds and planting material of different cultures to breeding and plant growing stations. This material served to develop many valuable varieties of cultivated plants, now introduced into production.

During the life of Nikolai Ivanovich, about 350 varieties of grain, industrial, fodder, vegetable, bean and fruit crops were bred on the basis of the VIR world collection, in addition to what the breeders of the VIR itself gave.

Three quarters of the varieties of cultivated plants that became known to the whole world by the end of N. I. Vavilov’s life were discovered by Soviet botanists.

So, the task of mobilizing the plant capital of the globe, which had arisen before N.I. Vavilov at the dawn of Soviet power, was basically solved in ten to twelve years. Back in 1923 in Petrograd, on his return from his first trip to the United States, where a scientist studied the experience of the Washington Bureau of Plant Industry, he said that the path for updating the fields of Soviet Russia is the same as that of the Americans, but it must be walked differently.

And this path has been traveled. “The expeditions of the Institute of Plant Production were guided by a specific plan and a rigorously developed theory. They proved that the theory, if true, really yields amazing results. The expensive expeditions sent by Washington passed by what the Soviet expeditions armed with a strong theory found, ”wrote N. I. Vavilov at the end of 1933, when the main expeditions planned by him were completed.

The effect of the finds of Soviet expeditions to Central and South America was so great that special expeditions from Washington, Sweden and Germany were sent in their wake. The scale of work in this direction carried out in Germany at that time can be judged even by the fact that Professor Baur showed 100,000 seedlings of various forms of potato to N.I. Vavilov in the autumn of 1932.

Botanists from the Washington Plant Industry Bureau then realized that they were facing a serious rival, that in a hurry to master the resources of the globe, they first rushed to the famous botanical gardens and passed the "Babylonian mountain centers of Asia and Africa" \u200b\u200band did not even visit Afghanistan, and Ethiopia remained almost untouched by the research of Dr. Harlan, who, after the expedition of N.I. Vavilov, was sent there a second time.

They also realized that the practical significance of the theories of the Soviet scientist is enormous. It is not even a matter of “guessing” about the foci (centers) of concentration of varietal riches of cultivated plants, but also of studying the cultivated plants themselves. It took NI Vavilov ten years to study the racial composition of soft wheat in order to divide this species into 66 characters. And only after that he was able to outline on the world map the alleged center of the formation of soft wheat.

What should be the work of a taxonomy, anatomist, geographer, genetics, physiologist to determine the centers of morphogenesis of even the most important cultures? It seemed to Washington botanists that this was just a fantasy. And they asked themselves if they had worked too fussy for thirty years.

Most of all the botanists from the Washington Bureau were struck by the fact that some of the Babylonian centers of origin of cultivated plants are located in the New World and are located where the Mayan, Aztec, Inca and Chibcha cultures flourished, where the Washington botanists did not even drop in.

When N.I. Vavilov set about collecting and studying world collections of cultivated plants, he said that Soviet botanists were not on their way with Washington.

He connected this with the fact that the young Soviet state is building its life on socialist principles. And the time will quickly come when our agricultural production, then based on millions of the smallest peasant farms, will be reorganized on new socialist principles. And science will need tremendous efforts to quickly solve this problem. In particular, the institutes headed by N. I. Vavilov will have to supply the country with new crops, new varieties, and answer questions regarding the specialization of agriculture.

And it should be noted that N. I. Vavilov, together with a team of employees, were sufficiently prepared for this. The enormous varietal wealth of the most important crops was provided in advance to Soviet breeding stations as source material for selection.

N. I. Vavilov posed many new problems: the overthrow of agriculture, the development of deserts, mountainous and arid regions; the problem of new cultures and much more. To solve these problems, knowledge of cultivated plants was required, introduction material was required.

Thanks to the mastery of the world plant capital and a detailed study of the crop production of our country (variety testing and geographical sowing), the staff of the Institute of Plant Production under the direction of N. And Vavilov was able to cope with the task of the USSR People’s Agriculture Commissariat for the compilation of the USSR Plant Production work in accordance with the decision of the 16th Congress of the CPSU (B) .

This work of sixty printed pages with numerous cards was issued in an exceptionally short time (December 15, 1932). About 100 specialist scientists participated in its drafting: plant breeders, breeders, botanists, climatologists, and soil scientists. The book summarizes our knowledge of the time about the cultural flora of the Soviet fields and gives the first draft of the rational distribution of crops and varieties on the vast territory of the Soviet country, in accordance with the socialist reconstruction and specialization of agriculture.

Only our Socialist state for the first time in the world in a planned manner, on a scientific basis, drafted a rational distribution of crops and varieties and practically implemented it. The scientific basis of this project was contained in the "Plant growing of the USSR."

In conclusion, it is necessary to answer that the foundation for varietal diversity of cultivated plants created in the life of N.I. Vavilov in the VIR has been preserved to this day. They continue to study and replenish it. The botanists of our country and many foreign, especially socialist, countries, using the theory of N. I. Vavilov, continue to develop the work that he began of studying the cultural and wild useful flora of the globe.

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The centers of origin of cultivated plants and domestic animals are those areas of the Earth where certain species of plants useful to humans have arisen or were cultivated and where their greatest genetic diversity is concentrated. Accordingly, these are centers where, as they say, the domestication of animals took place. It is especially important to emphasize that almost all of the currently known cultivated plants and domestic animals appeared hundreds and thousands of years before our era. Perhaps, only sugar beets, rubber-bearing hevea and hindu tree became cultivated plants relatively recently.
The theory of centers of origin of cultivated plants was developed by the outstanding Russian scientist academician N. I. Vavilov on the basis of his numerous expeditions, which covered the entire territory of the Soviet Union, as well as 60 countries in Asia, Africa, North and South America. Thousands of seed samples were brought from these expeditions, which were then sown in the nurseries of the All-Union Institute of Plant Production and thoroughly examined. At the same institute, the world's largest collection of cereal seeds was collected, numbering 60 thousand varieties; this unique collection was preserved in Leningrad during the hungry months of the blockade during World War II. N. I. Vavilov believed that the total number of species of cultivated plants, not counting ornamental plants, is approximately 1500-1600. Moreover, different cultures have their own centers of diversity, which are usually the centers of their origin, coinciding with the ancient centers of agriculture. N. I. Vavilov finally formulated the concept of the center of origin of cultivated plants in 1935, when he identified eight of the most important such centers (Table 123 and Fig. 87).
Although over the past six and a half decades this theory, on the basis of numerous new data, has undergone some changes and additions (it is now customary to distinguish 7 main centers - Tropical, East Asian, South West Asian, Mediterranean, Abyssinian, Central American and Andean), nevertheless the main its principles have not been revised, even by those scientists who propose increasing the number of such centers to 12. It is very important that no one questions the starting point of the theory that links this and centers not only with the natural floristic diversity of certain territories, but also with the location of ancient civilizations.
Table 123

A lot of work is devoted to revealing the history of domestication of wild animals (Fig. 88). Moreover, the foci of domestication of these animals, proposed by N.I. Vavilov, who identified five main such foci and seven additional ones, are usually also taken as a basis.

From a historical and geographical point of view, the issue of migrations of cultivated plants, which in the era of the great geographical discoveries acquired the character of their truly great migration, is also very interesting. At the same time, one part of the cultivated plants migrated from the Old to the New World, and the other in the opposite direction.
Among the crops, "borrowed" by the New World from the Old, can be attributed to wheat, sugarcane and coffee.
Archaeological studies indicate that wheat was known in the countries of Central Asia six to five millennia BC, in Egypt more than four, in China three, and in the Balkans three or two millennia. After the great geographical discoveries, it first came to South America (1528), then to North America (1602), and at the end of the 18th century. and to Australia (Fig. 89). Sugarcane, considered to be the birthplace of Bengal, also migrated to the New World after the great geographical discoveries: the Portuguese began to cultivate it in the northeast of Brazil, the British and French - in the West Indies, later it actually became a monoculture in Cuba and Puerto Rico.
The homeland of coffee is the highlands of Ethiopia, where this culture was cultivated about a thousand years ago. It is believed that she got her name from the Ethiopian province of Kafa. In the XI century. coffee came to Yemen, from where it was transported through the port of Moha; that is why in Europe coffee has been called mocha for a long time. During the late Middle Ages, it began to be used in Italy, in France, in the Netherlands, England, and other European countries. To meet the growing demand, coffee was grown on special plantations; The first of them was founded in the XVII century. Dutch on about. Java. At the beginning of the XVIII century. several coffee beans accidentally fell into French Guiana, and from there - to Brazil, where this culture truly found its second homeland.
An even greater number of crops migrated after the Great Geographical Discoveries from the New World to the Old World. Among them are corn, potatoes, sunflowers, tobacco, hevea, cocoa.
The birthplace of corn (maize) is considered Central America. Columbus brought it to Europe. Then from Spain, it spread to other countries of the Mediterranean, and later came to Russia, Africa, East Asia. Potato, the culture of the Andean countries, also first came from there to Spain, and then to the Netherlands (which then belonged to Spain), France, Germany, and other European countries. He appeared in Russia at the beginning of the XVIII century, under Peter I. Sunflower, which, according to N.I. Vavilov, was cultivated in Mexico and generally in the south-west of North America, appeared in Europe in the XVI century. At first, like potatoes, it was considered an ornamental plant, and only later did its seeds begin to be used. In Russia, this culture was also cultivated in the era of Peter I.

The success of breeding work depends mainly on the genetic diversity of the initial group of plants or animals. Meanwhile, the gene pool of existing animal breeds or plant varieties is naturally less diverse compared to the gene pool of the original wild species.

Therefore, when breeding new varieties of plants and animal breeds, the search and identification of useful traits in wild ancestors is very important. In order to study the diversity and geographical distribution of cultivated plants N.I. Vavilov organized numerous expeditions both within the territory of our country and to many foreign countries. During these expeditions, huge seed material was collected, which was subsequently used for breeding work. N.I. Vavilov identified 7 centers of origin of cultivated plants (Table 4). He made important generalizations that served as a major contribution to the theory of selection.

The study of hereditary variability in cultivated plants and their ancestors allowed N.I. Vavilova formulate the law of homologous series of hereditary variation: “Species and genera that are genetically close are characterized by similar series of hereditary variation with such accuracy that, knowing a number of forms within one species, it is possible to predict the presence of parallel forms in other species and genera. The closer the genera and species are genetically located in the general system, the more complete the similarity in the series of their variability. Entire plant families are generally characterized by a certain cycle of variation passing through all the genera and species that make up the family. ”

Table 4. Centers of origin of cultivated plants (according to N.I. Vavilov)

Center Name	Geographic position	Homeland of cultivated plants
South Asian	Tropical In	Fig. sugarcane, citrus
tropical	diya. Indochina, South China, Southeast Asia	high. cucumber, eggplant, black pepper, etc. (50% of cultivated plants)
East Asian	Central and Eastern China, Japan. Korea. Tai	Soya. millet, buckwheat, fruit and vegetable crops - plum, cherry, radish, etc. (20% of cultivated plants)
Southwest Asia	Asia Minor. Medium	Wheat, rye, legumes.
attic Mediterranean	asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Southwest India Countries along the shores of the Mediterranean	flax, hemp, turnip, carrots, garlic, grapes, apricot, pear, etc. (14% of cultivated plants) Cabbage, sugar beets, olives, clover, lentils, fodder herbs (11% of cultivated plants)
Abyssinian	Abyssinian Highlands of Africa	Durum wheat, barley, coffee tree, sorghum, bananas
Centralllum Rican	South mexico	Corn, long-fiber cotton. cocoa, pumpkin, tobacco
South American	South America along the west side	Potato, pineapple, hindu tree

For example, the family of cereals N.I.

Vavilov showed that similar mutations are found in a number of species of this family. So, black coloring of seeds is found in rye, wheat, barley, corn and some other plants, with the exception of oats, millet and wheatgrass, an elongated grain form - in all studied species. In animals, similar mutations are also observed: albinism and the absence of hair in mammals,

albinism and the absence of feathers in birds, short sting in cattle, sheep, dogs, birds. Some hereditary diseases and deformities encountered in humans have been reported in some animals. Animals with such diseases are used as a model to study similar defects in humans. For example, eye cataracts occur in mice, rats, dogs, horses; hemophilia - in mice and cats; diabetes in rats; congenital deafness - in guinea pigs, mice, dogs, etc. The fact that similar, hereditarily caused disabilities are found in representatives of different species of the same class — the class of mammals — convincingly confirms the law of homologous series of hereditary variability N.I. Vavilova. The appearance of similar mutations is explained by the common origin of genotypes. In the process of the emergence of new species from one common ancestor, the differences between them are established only in terms of the genes that determine the successful existence in these specific conditions. Many genes in species having a common origin remain unchanged and give similar onenaki upon mutation.

Thus, the detection of spontaneous or induced mutations in one species provides grounds for the search for similar mutations in related plant or animal species.

The law of homologous series of hereditary variation is successfully used in breeding practice. Work on creating seed collections of cultivated plant varieties and their wild ancestors, the beginning of which was laid by N.I. Vavilov is currently ongoing. In our country, the collection includes more than 320 thousand samples related to 1041 species of plants. This includes wild species, relatives of cultivated plants, old local varieties, all the best and new that has been created recently by the efforts of breeders from all over the world. From the global gene pool, scientists distinguish genetic sources of economically valuable traits: productivity, early maturity, resistance to diseases and pests, drought resistance, resistance to lodging, etc. Modern genetic methods make it possible to achieve very large successes in plant breeding. Thus, the use of valuable genes from wild Ethiopian barley made it possible to create Odessa 100, an outstanding spring barley variety.

Questions for repetition n tasks

What is the difference between odomapush other animals and cultivated plants from wild ones?

What is the subject of selection?

What significance for breeding is the knowledge of the centers of primary cultivated plants !!

What centers of origin of cultivated plants do you know?

Why do closely related species show similar mutations?

State the essence of the law of homologous series of hereditary variation N. N. Vavilova.

In the proposed practical work 4 types of tasks. in the first task to compare plants with their centers, the second task is to work with a contour map. the third task is to compare the centers of cultivated plants with a description of the geographical location. The fourth task is to answer in full with answers to the questions posed.

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"Practical work on the topic:" Centers of origin of cultivated plants "grade 11»