Terekhov construction of a balcony slab. Reinforcement of the balcony slab. Types of balconies and their fixtures
The balcony is a decoration of any home, as well as an excellent area for relaxing and performing minor chores. The strengthening and repair of the balcony slab on the wall structure of the building has its own characteristics and depends on the material of the building itself.
Features of fixing balcony slabs
People ignorant of construction believe that the balcony slab is the protrusion of the floor slab. This is far from the case. In construction, the most diverse methods of fixing the balcony slab are used:
- clamping or pinching in the structure of the exterior wall of the building;
- the use of a cantilever slab;
- support on the console of columns or consoles of internal walls (in frame buildings);
- suspension of the balcony slab to the internal load-bearing transverse walls or to the ceiling;
- reliance on attached reinforced concrete, steel or wooden structures.
In brick buildings, the reinforcement of the balcony slab is carried out by the pinch method. Reinforced concrete overhead and lining elements, which form a niche for a balcony slab, are walled up in the outer wall of the building. The edge of the slab adjacent to the outer wall is sure to thicken. In cases with brick houses, the entry of the balcony slab into the wall is quite large. The plate is necessarily welded to reinforced concrete elements using steel anchors.
In panel-type houses, balcony slabs are based on reinforced concrete structures with the use of ceilings. The strengthening of the balcony slab in frame buildings is carried out using beam technology. In this case, there is no load on the wall of the building, since the balcony slab rests on the column consoles.
Why not a solid plate?
It would seem, is it really impossible to make floor slabs immediately with a ledge under the balcony? After all, an integral product is always stronger. But this method will reduce the life of not only the balcony, but the whole house. Corrosion of reinforcement will penetrate deep into the slab, the overlap will lose strength. This threatens with an emergency condition and demolition of the house.
And if you let the balcony slab through the wall?
It seems that the area of \u200b\u200bthe support in this case will be larger. But building structures can not withstand long multi-directional loads. If you let the balcony slab through the wall, then its inner edge will press on the wall, trying to lift it. This situation threatens with sudden catastrophic destruction.
In what cases repair of a balcony plate is required
There are several types of repair of balcony slabs:
- small;
- average;
- emergency;
- capital.
Important: Remember, it is difficult for an ignorant person to determine how destroyed the balcony slab. Defects must be evaluated by professionals.
If cracks appear on the surface of the balcony slab, do not cover them with mortar. In this case, it is necessary to find out the degree of corrosion failure of the reinforcement. Cracks can be very deep, which will not be noticeable from the outside. If small damage is shallow, then minor and medium repairs can be done on their own.
The need for major repairs of the balcony slab is visible to the naked eye. This is indicated by a destructive appearance and large cracks throughout the plate. Overhaul or emergency repairs of the balcony should be done only by professionals.
The following signs indicate the emergency condition of the balcony and its slab:
- bare reinforcement;
- the appearance of deep cracks at the junction of the plate with the wall;
- destruction of concrete on top of the slab and its detachment from the bottom of the slab;
- collapse of fragments of the plate.
In this case, to repair the emergency balcony, you will need more than one unit of special equipment and a team of qualified installers. Such a plate, most likely, will have to be broken out of the bearing wall.
Who is responsible for the repair of balconies?
It is not clearly spelled out in any regulatory document or law: is a balcony a part of the supporting structure or living space? In this regard, the question may arise if the balcony is in disrepair where to go and what to do? In theory, the management company should repair the balcony slab, and the parapet, railings, grilles should be the landlord. But some confusion in the legislation does not give an exact answer to this question. On this basis, disagreements often arise between homeowners and utilities.
Conclusion: Do not bring the balcony to an emergency state. Any search for truth will not restore the balcony slab. To avoid emergency situations, repair the balcony slab yourself.
If you notice signs of destruction of the balcony slab, you must as soon as possible in writing inform the utilities about this fact. The document is certified by a specialist in the housing office and registered in the appropriate journal. It makes sense to attach several photographs of a collapsing balcony slab to the document. Your neighbors from below must be sure to put their signatures in this document.
You can proceed as follows: restore the balcony slab yourself, but with guarantees for the recalculation of rents. Or patiently wait until the utility services take over the repair. If none of the options suits you, feel free to contact the court.
How to repair balconies
The main cause of damage to balcony slabs is moisture. Penetrating into the plate, water is able to activate corrosion of the reinforcement. In old houses, the protection of concrete from moisture is reduced, water easily penetrates to the reinforcement. Corroded reinforcement loses its bearing capacity, expands and destroys concrete.
Restoring a balcony slab involves several work steps:
- Repair begins with cleaning the balcony: everything superfluous is removed, garbage is removed, crumbled concrete is carefully removed.
- The exposed fittings are cleaned of rust. The top layer of rust is easily cleaned off. Further, the reinforcement bars must be treated with a special rust agent.
- The welded reinforcing mesh is laid on the surface of the plate and fixed with special dowels. It must be completely recessed into the concrete screed. To do this, a gap is left between the plate and the grid.
- Planks for formwork are fastened around the perimeter.
- A solution of sand and cement is poured onto a reinforcing mesh and “ironized” (the screed is covered with dry cement and rubbed).
- The lower surface of the balcony slab must be plastered, pre-treated with a primer.
Remember that the thickness of the concrete screed must exceed the thickness of the reinforcing mesh two, or even more times.
With severe corrosion of the reinforcing cage, reinforcement of the balcony slab will be required - this is a larger-scale work:
- Rolled steel beams are installed on the sides of the balcony slab and fixed cantilever to the wall.
- Reinforcing mesh is welded to the beams.
- Next begins the concrete work described above.
When the reconstruction of the balcony slab is completed, it the surface must be waterproofed, which is mandatory if the balcony is open. For this, various waterproofing materials of a roll or coating type are suitable. In particular, Penetron penetrating waterproofing has proven itself well. It is applied to a previously wetted surface in two layers, after which the surface must remain moist for three days, and also, mechanical influences and temperatures below 0 degrees are not allowed.
Installation of balcony fences
Of course, the old fence can still be strong enough. But the overhaul of the balcony slab already implies the installation of a new building envelope. In addition, if in the future it is planned to glaze the balcony and warm it, then it will not hurt to think over a quality basis in advance.
When fencing, welding is indispensable. Even a novice can work on a compact inventory welding machine that runs on a network. But there are two more options:
- invite a qualified welder;
- fix the balcony railing with anchors, in this case, welding is not required.
The frame of the new fence is made of a rectangular profile pipe. This fence is easy to install and will have an attractive appearance. Next, a galvanized steel cast is mounted around the perimeter of the balcony slab. This will protect the edge of the plate from precipitation. screed on the balcony and what is needed for this.
Balconies with removal
Residents of city apartments with balconies have a unique opportunity not only to warm and glaze this area, but also to increase the area of \u200b\u200btheir housing. Now you can install a fence for glazing with removal. What does it mean?
When installing the fencing frame, using professional trick, you can take out the glazing for the parapet by about 30 cm. Given that this action is performed on three sides of the balcony slab, the increase in space will be significant. This option is especially ideal for owners of very small balconies.
Benefits of Balconies with Takeaway:
- The increase in space by expanding the area of \u200b\u200bthe balcony slab.
- Getting a wide windowsill.
- Strengthening the power structures of the balcony slab.
Still have questions? Ask them in the comments!
Repair of the balcony slab can be done both with the involvement of construction organizations, and on their own. Depending on the degree of destruction, the need for cosmetic or major repairs is determined.
Over time, the balcony slab becomes unusable. Its destruction occurs mainly from the effect of moisture on concrete and reinforcement, the gravity of the elements of the balcony and people, sudden changes in temperature, the lack of repair work as necessary.
Do-it-yourself or overhaul repairs?
If your house belongs to the category of "Khrushchev", most likely the balcony slab is no longer in the best conditionIf the house is more than 40 years old, its balconies gradually become unusable. The question arises of how to strengthen the balcony so that it lasts for many more years and ensures the complete safety of the people on it.
In Khrushchev, the destroyed bases of balconies are visible even without examination. If you do not carry out repairs, the entire structure may break and fall down.
You can repair and strengthen the structure with your own hands in the case of a small shedding of corners, the appearance of cracks in concrete, provided that the reinforcement is in good condition.
Overhaul is required in case of cracks at the junction of the balcony with the wall, if the concrete crumbled and visible damaged by rust fittings.
Strengthening the balcony slab with your own hands is a very responsible matter, requiring sufficient skills and knowledge in the field of construction. Unprofessional to determine the degree of destruction is difficult. To assess the condition of the balcony, it is better to invite an expert.
DIY balcony repair
Clean and clean everything that crumbles and rusts
The sequence of actions for self-restoration of a balcony slab is as follows.
To perform repair work does not require any special materials, it is enough to purchase a channel, beams and metal corners.
Balcony extension
Take out a balcony slab no more than 30-40 cm
Before in brick houses, it is imperative to repair the stove.
The steps for removing the slab and strengthening the balcony are as follows:
- Dismantling of the old fence. For these works, a grinder is used. Workers must wear seat belts.
- A metal frame is welded, which is fixed on the stove and under it on the wall, over the entire height and width of the structure. As a material for the frame, a profile pipe or a metal corner is used.
- When the metal "cabin" is ready, you can install a metal-plastic frame.
For repair work, we choose lighter materials in order to minimize the load on the plate. About how to make a balcony on the floor, having welded the frame, see this useful video:
The load on the slab is calculated taking into account the weight of all building materials, people who can be on the balcony, the mass of snow or water falling on the balcony from rain. The extension of more than 45 cm is not recommended.
Overhaul is carried out by specialists of construction companies who have already changed the worn-out balcony slabs in brick houses built in the 60s.
When performing overhaul, it is often necessary to carry out such type of work as strengthening the balcony slab. Read more about the overhaul of the loggia in this video:
The technology of specialists in construction organizations is as follows:
When repairing a worn-out balcony slab in houses of old buildings, it must be borne in mind that not only the slab, but also the walls can be in disrepair. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the places where the balcony is attached to the wall.
In order not to get to the point of overhaul, it is necessary to regularly carry out scheduled repairs.
Features of fixing balcony slabs
Types of fixing balcony slabs
Methods of fastening plates can be different:
- jamming in the wall of the building;
- using a cantilever supporting floor slab;
- in frame buildings, consoles of internal walls or columns serve as a support;
- the plate is suspended from the internal load-bearing walls;
- suspended to the ceiling;
- relies on attached metal structures, less often on wooden.
Pinched used in brick houses. Mounted on the wall are overhead or underlay reinforced concrete elements forming a niche into which the plate is welded. The thickness of the edge, which is attached to the wall, is increased.
Plate Replacement
A worn balcony slab is replaced if the frame is hopelessly spoiled by rust. The work is carried out in stages:
- replace unsuitable reinforcement, it must be primed and treated against corrosion;
- 200 mm wide holes are drilled into the wall at a distance of 100 mm, metal rods are inserted perpendicular to the wall. Their length should correspond to the width of the balcony;
- formwork is made, the reinforcing base is poured with concrete;
- the channel is attached to the wall, like consoles on both sides of the base. For general work on replacing the slab and overhaul the balcony, see this video:
Why is it impossible to make a whole balcony construction with a floor slab? If the balcony is made a continuation of the ceilings of the building, then the life of the entire building will decrease. Corrosion reinforcement will penetrate the building. Also, the inner side will act by gravity on the wall, trying to lift it.
The spaces formed by the protruding horizontal structures of buildings belong to the summer premises. It is advisable to place open summer rooms (balconies) in a temperate climatic zone with a common room and kitchen, and in the southern regions and with the bedroom.
The depth of the summer premises should be at least 90 cm for medium climatic regions and at least 120-180 cm for the south, as sleeping places and places for eating are often placed there in the summer.
Balconies, bay windows, loggias significantly increase the comfort of apartments due to the connection with the external environment and at the same time they enrich the plastic facades. The rationality of their use depends on the climatic features of the construction area. In hot climates, balconies and loggias overshadow the interior from excessive insolation.
Bay windows, providing increased illumination and insolation of the internal volume of the room, are well used in the northern regions.
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Types of summer rooms: 1 - open balcony (a - cantilever, b - on poles); - a balcony with wind shields on one (c) or two (g) sides; 3 - corner balcony; 4 - loggia (d - buried, e - protruding); 5 - a loggia - a balcony (w - half-deepened, 1 - adjacent to the front plane); 6 - terrace |
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The device of open premises - balconies and loggias in residential and public buildings of mass construction is carried out from standard structural elements of factory manufacture.
When constructing buildings on steep slopes or inferior in front of the facade plane open terraceslocated above the exploited volumes. The floors of such terraces serve as exploited roofs of overlapping volumes, which requires careful attention to issues of waterproofing.
The design features of balconies, loggias, bay windows are multivariate and depend on the building's construction and constructive systems.
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Balcony
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Loggia
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Bay window
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Open rooms and bay windows in civil buildings: A - balconies and loggias; B - bay windows; And - an open balcony; b - a balcony with a windproof screen; in - built-in loggia; g - remote loggia; d - built-in loggia-balcony; е - an external loggia-balcony; g - asymmetric triangular bay window; h is the same, symmetrical; and - the same, rectangular; 1 - a plate of a balcony; 2 - fencing of the balcony (loggia); 3 - windproof screen |
Balconies- open cantilever platforms with a 90-120 cm extension from the wall plane, having fences up to 1.0 m high on three sides of the fence. The shape of the balconies can be varied - rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, curved, sawtooth, etc.
Balconies carry out two main functions in the apartment: they serve as a place of relaxation and as a place to carry out various household tasks (raising flowers, drying clothes, airing things, storing food).
In the practice of designing balconies, open balconies with windproof walls are used, and the loggias are built-in, remote, as well as remote and built-in loggias, balconies.
According to their static scheme, balcony slabs can work:
as a cantilever plate transmitting a bending moment and a vertical support reaction to the wall structure and the ceiling of a building;
as a beam slab having alternative solutions of supporting the sides: - to cantilever beams, suspension to the internal transverse walls of the building or supporting to external stands.
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Schemes for transmitting bending moment and vertical forces from a balcony slab to a structure: a - external load-bearing wall; b - lightweight concrete floor slab (and external wall); in - consoles; g - brackets; 1 - balcony stove; 2 - outer wall; 3 - overlap; 4 - sealant; 5 - insulation; 6 - anti-rain ridge; 7 - console; 8 - bracket |
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The coupling of the balcony slab with the outer wall and the ceiling should not only satisfy the strength requirements, but also provide thermal insulation. Therefore, when performing balcony slabs of heavy concrete, thermal insulation is laid in the joint between the balcony slab and the floor slab. The balcony slab can be a remote cantilever part of the floor panel molded from lightweight concrete.
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Designs of balconies: a - from reinforced concrete slabs; b - for reinforced concrete consoles; 1 - balcony stove; 2 - floor slab; 3 - insulation; 4- cement screed; 5- waterproofing carpet; b-gender; 7-discharge, 8- beam |
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Balcony fencing is usually made in the form of a metal grill. The most responsible are the places where the racks of the fence are embedded in the slab and the handrails in the wall.
Steel parts of balconies must be protected from moisture. To protect the beams from corrosion, they are concreted. As architectural decorations for balconies, cement-sand or gypsum details were used. Fasteners are most susceptible to destruction, therefore they pay special attention to their protection from weathering.
The balcony slab has a smooth lower plane or ribs protruding along the contour, but in all cases, a teardrop must be arranged on the bottom of the outer faces of the slab to prevent the outer surface of the building from getting wet. The upper plane of the balcony slab is performed with a slope of 1-2% from the facade plane of the wall.
A waterproofing carpet is laid on top of the slab with its top embedded on the wall of the building. A floor made of ceramic tiles is arranged on a cement or asphalt screed along the waterproofing layer, located 50-70 mm below the floor of the room, to which the balcony adjoins and 100-120 mm below the door threshold.
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The connection of the balcony slab with the overlapping of the often ribbed slabs with lattice fittings - located perpendicular to the departure of the balcony: a) a vertical section through the structural rib; b) placement of the reinforcement of the balcony slab; |
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For the device of balconies use special balcony slabs. Such plates in large-block buildings are fixed by jamming the plates between the transfer, wall and window-sill blocks with welding of steel anchors with embedded parts of the lintel block and balcony plate.
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Joining a balcony slab from precast heavy concrete slabs : a) a vertical section through the structural rib; b) placement of the reinforcement of the balcony slab;
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The upper reinforcement of the balcony is concreted in the channels of the precast plate in increments of one channel.
In large-panel buildings, depending on the design of the external walls (load-bearing, non-load-bearing) and ceilings, various schemes of balconies are used.
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Balconies of large-element buildings: A - stress transfer schemes from balcony slabs in panel buildings; a - on the supporting external walls; b, c - on the floor; g - on the side racks; B - details of fastening of balcony slabs in panel walls (by type “c”); In - the same, in large-block walls; 1 - panel of the inner wall; 2 - panel of the outer wall; 3 - balcony stove; 4 - a warming insert; 5 - steel ties; 6 - floor slab; 7 - reinforcing outlets; 8 - cement mortar; 9 - concrete casting; 10 - sealing; 11 - wall blocks |
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Overlapping of loggias-balconies is performed from balcony slabs, floor panels, as well as from special slabs with a reinforced front edge. The overlapping of the built-in loggias-balconies is based on the outer side walls of the loggias, and the remote loggias and loggias-balconies are placed on special attached or mounted concrete walls - “cheeks”.
Enclosures for balconies and loggias consists of a metal grate and deaf or lattice barriers attached to it - screens.
The fencing of balconies and loggias is made of metal gratings, reinforced in a concrete slab of the loggia (balcony). The fence can be deaf with the sheathing of the lattice with decorative sheets of fiberglass, corrugated metal, etc., as well as with the device of a brick wall with a thickness of a quarter of a brick.
Floors on balconies and loggias are made of ceramic tiles, cemented iron surfaces, asphalt.
Loggias can be built into the building volume or protrude beyond the facade plane - remote, but in both cases they have a blind side railing. When loggias are built into the building volume, the device of adjoining insulated lateral (end) walls is required.
In the ceilings of the loggias, wound up on the outer wall, in order to exclude cold bridges, heat-insulating gaskets are installed.
The design of the remote loggias is carried out using additional, perpendicular to the facade, bearing or hinged side walls, protruding consoles of the columns of the frame or cantilevered beams in the transverse internal walls.
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Loggias in large houses: A - schemes of remote loggias; a - with bearing walls of loggias; b - with curtain walls of loggias; in - on consoles of internal bearing walls; g - on the consoles of the columns of the frame; B - design elements of loggias in large-block buildings; In - the same in large-panel buildings; 1 - reinforced concrete slab of the loggia; 2 - panel overlap; 3 - reinforced concrete screen; 4 - the wall of the loggia; 5 - a drainpipe; 6 - a clamp of a wall of a loggia; 7 - jumper large block; 8 - socle decorative panel; 9 - large panel of the outer wall |
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The supporting side walls of the loggias are used only for buildings of average number of storeys. At the same time, to ensure joint settlement of the loggias and the walls of the building, the side cheeks-walls of the loggias are based on the foundations of the transverse internal walls, taken out over the plane of the facade.
Designs of sliding glazing of loggias have been developed, which most of all meets the requirements of comfort in the middle and northern climatic zones of Russia. When glazing balconies or loggias, there is a significant drawback, expressed in a decrease in luminous flux by an average of 15-20%, since the wide vertical and horizontal imposts of the fencing frames impede the passage of the luminous flux.
By design, the loggia is a room open on one or more sides, included in the total volume of the building and enclosed by a parapet on the outside. The loggia can be a separate structure or a kind of balcony, recessed into the building. The loggias are based in buildings of the old construction, mostly on slabs or beams of ceilings, in modern construction on protruding pilasters. The flow of water from the loggias is carried out through the outlet holes. The slope of the loggia floor should be at least 5%. Loggia floors usually have waterproofing from a rolled roofing carpet or other insulating material.
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Loggias and terraces:vertical section - a) loggias, b) terraces; 1 - blocks fencing; 2 - floor slabs; 3 - a layer forming a slope; 4 - vapor barrier; 5 - an element of warming the crown; 6 - anti-growth isolation; 7 - cement coating layer; 8 - finishing layer; 9 - a layer forming a floor and an underground layer; 10 - concrete tile |
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Frameless glazing eliminates this drawback. It is a frame assembled from four aluminum profiles, which repeats the dimensions of the opening of a balcony or loggia with an accuracy of 2 mm. The upper horizontal aluminum profile is load-bearing, with shelves, along which a pair of double roller bearings, bearing sheets of tempered glass, roll.
The bottom profile is a guide. Vertical profiles with brush seals provide a tight fit of glass to the walls of the loggia (balcony). All frame elements are attached to the walls, ceiling and fencing of the loggia or balcony. The finished glazing is a solid wall of 6 mm thick tempered glass without frames and vertical posts. For ventilation, a mechanism for fixing open sashes is provided.
Bay window - the volume of the building’s internal space, extended beyond the facade plane, provides an increase in the insolation of the usable area of \u200b\u200bthe room and aesthetically enriches the interior. In terms of bay windows can have a different configuration - rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, semicircular, etc.
The bay window is an active means of building composition, emphasizes the division and plasticity of the facade plane. It can be a separate compositional accent, can be rhythmically repeated along the vertical plane of the building, or alternating with flat sections of the wall and sunken loggias, create active black and white plastic facade.
The walls of the bay windows can be both load-bearing and non-load-bearing, can be made in the form of a volumetric element hung on the building structure.
With load-bearing walls, bay windows are installed on foundation structures. With a hinged system - bay window volume may not reach the foundations, interrupted anywhere vertically.
Lightweight external bay window walls are supported by various types of consoles of internal load-bearing structures - consoles of frame columns, beams pinched in internal walls, consoles of floor slabs.
In hinged bay windows, it is necessary to observe the thermal protection conditions of its lower and upper floors, which are external enclosing structures.
An industrial volumetric bay window element designed for use in both new construction and overhaul and reconstruction of residential buildings has been developed.
Volumetric bay window consists of an external reinforced concrete three-layer wall and one upper load-bearing ceiling, is manufactured using bench technology and delivered to the construction site with the maximum degree of factory readiness.
Bay windows design with load-bearing, self-supporting and non-bearing exterior walls. The load-bearing and self-supporting walls of bay windows are installed on an independent foundation and are designed similarly to the designs of external walls. The curtain walls of the bay windows are supported on special cantilevered slabs that repeat the shape of the bay window plan.
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Bay window construction: a - section along the bay window; b - plan of the bay window beams; 1 - lightweight outer wall; 2 - overlap; 3 - cement floor; 4 - slag; 5 - parquet; 6 - black floor; 7 - filling; 8 - reinforced concrete slab; 9 - plaster |
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Brick arches, which are the load-bearing filling between metal beams, were usually laid out on a mortar, which, when moistened, quickly collapses with time.
Bay window - part of the room enclosed by external walls, located behind the external plane of the facade wall (closed balcony). The bay window increases the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe room and slightly improves insolation. In addition, it serves as a composite tool for the vertical division of the facade.
The bay window consists of a supporting and enclosing structure. Structural elements represent two or more single-span beams with consoles embedded in the outer or inner walls.
The elements of the baying enclosing structure (walls, ceilings, floor) must have the necessary thermal resistance and low density, so the material for them is usually hollow ceramics, multi-hole or slotted bricks, foam concrete or reinforced concrete panels with an internal insulation layer. The bay window covering often serves as a balcony of an overlying floor - a flat roof.
A balcony slab is the foundation of your balcony. It is from its strength characteristics and dimensions that the operational properties of the balcony structure depend. Read.
Specifications
Types of balcony slabs, their main parameters and dimensions are regulated by GOST 25697-83.
Balcony slabs are divided into the following types:
- PB - flat continuous beam;
- PBC - flat continuous cantilever;
- FGP - ribbed cantilever.
Balcony slabs are made in lengths from 1200 mm to 7200 mm, in widths from 1200 mm to 1800 mm. Standard sizes of balcony slabs: length - 3275 mm, width 800 mm.
The thickness of the balcony slab in brick and panel houses or in Khrushchev varies from 150 mm to 220 mm, depending on the type of slab, its size and weight.
A series of balcony slabs consists of several groups of numbers and letters, the series is deciphered as follows: the main group of letters and numbers is the type of slab, the length and width of the slab in decimeters. In additional groups of numbers and letters, the following information may be indicated: if the balcony slab is equipped with an emergency exit, it is indicated on which side of the slab it is located, on the left or on the right; class of prestressing reinforcement, type of concrete, if light; for heavy concrete, indicates the type of finish on the upper face.
Permissible loads on the balcony slab are regulated by SNiP 2.01.07-85 * “Loads and impacts”: on a plot 0.8 m wide along the balcony fence - 400 kgf / m2; throughout the balcony area - 200 kgf / m2. The standard design load on a balcony slab in a brick house is 112 kgf / m.
Kinds
- PB balcony slabs are reinforced concrete multi-hollow floor slabs. The dimensions of the balcony slab PB 1: product length 3440 mm, product width 1400, product thickness 160 mm.
- In the monolithic version, the balcony slab can be integral with the floor slab.
- The cantilever balcony slab is attached by pinching in the wall on one side, or two opposite sides. Suitable for buildings with heavy walls, such as brick with reinforced concrete floors.
Calculation and device
The balcony slab under the brick walls has a special ledge to ensure that the slab enters a special niche in the wall formed by reinforced concrete underlays walled into the wall. Bearing brick walls, as a rule, are made in two or more bricks, so the entrance of the balcony slab into the wall is 300 mm or more.
The node supporting the balcony slab on the brick wall is a joint of horizontal and vertical planes. Moreover, the support unit can be implemented only on the supporting wall. The bearing unit is calculated to determine the permissible loads, according to GOST 956-91.
The tipping stability of the balcony slab is calculated by comparing the tipping moment with the holding moment from the weight of the structure. 
Mounting technology
The technology for fixing balcony slabs depends on the material of the building.
During the construction of a brick house, the balcony slab is mounted in the masonry walls.
In a large-panel building, balcony slabs are clamped between the building blocks. In both cases, the balcony slabs are welded to reinforced concrete lintels and ceilings by means of anchors connected to the reinforcing cage.
Expansion of the balcony at the base of the slab
Strengthening
To reinforce the balcony slab, a reinforcing mesh is used, mounted from a wire with a diameter of 5 mm, the rods of which are connected by welding or a special soft wire. The grid is laid on the stove, and poured with concrete.
Reinforcement of a balcony slab in a prefabricated house can be done by cement screed.
Repair of balcony slabs
Work on the restoration of the balcony slab is a major overhaul. This type of work is carried out if the destruction of the plate has not yet reached the base, and the reinforcement is damaged by corrosion no more than 10%. The process of restoring a balcony slab includes: stripping a slab, renewing the reinforcing cage, installing formwork, carrying out a concrete screed, reinforcing the parapet. Plates with more significant damage are classified as emergency ones and must be replaced. If you discover the destruction of the balcony slab, you must contact the management company with a statement to create a commission and draw up an act on the degree of destruction of the balcony and possibly recognize it as emergency.
Balcony slabs wear out for natural reasons
Factors affecting the wear of a balcony slab
For all my many years of experience in the field of repair services, most often I had to deal with the repair of balconies in old buildings. Dealing with the problem of painting walls or windows is not difficult, but balcony slabs will bring much more trouble. I can say that the rapid wear and destruction of balcony slabs is primarily affected by improper operation, natural precipitation and temperature fluctuations, as well as their combination with dubious installation and materials of inadequate quality. Do not leave noticed cracks or other damage by gravity, because in the future this can lead to the complete destruction of the balcony.
Open balconies require more care
At the first “calls” it is better to make minor repairs with your own hands than to overhaul with the help of professionals, various equipment and large financial investments.
Open balconies require more attention to care, because they are more exposed to destructive factors.
Damage Detection Actions
Do not leave noticed cracks or other damage by gravity
If you find serious damage on the balcony or the outside or back side, I advise you to immediately write a statement to the management company, housing and communal services and involve specialists for a qualified examination of the external and internal structural elements. The expert opinion is the basis (document) for the repair, and will also show how serious the wear of the slab and the balcony as a whole.
This is the first thing to do, while attaching a photo of the destruction of the plate and the signatures of the neighbors. This primarily relieves you of liability for damage to property or personal injury if parts of the concrete structure fall. But this is only if you will not use the balcony further, after the conclusion and the ban on the use of the emergency balcony by a special commission. Although the stove must be repaired by the housing and utilities sector or by the management company, I really do not recommend you to hope so much. Due to inaccuracies in regulatory documents, these organizations will simply refuse you this, arguing that they lack funds. So do not waste precious time on empty waiting, but do the repair of the balcony slab with your own efforts, because it is faster and better.
At the first "calls" it is better to make minor repairs yourself
Collect all the checks for the purchased materials, and if you used the services of repairing a third-party organization, then an agreement with them. By submitting these documents in court, you will have a chance to receive compensation for the money spent.
Balcony slabs are not very easy to determine the extent of destruction. Under an external small crack, I repeatedly had to deal with voids or through cracks. Therefore, take a preliminary examination very seriously. To get started, free the balcony from objects stored there, debris and dust, inspect the cracks. Using a metal probe, you can check the depth of cracks, and with a hammer, the presence of voids inside and remove the upper layer of a weak solution. Take a close look at the presence of fungus and exposed rusting parts of metal structures. After the inspection, you can already conclude which type of repair you need.
Types of repair of balcony slabs
There are three main types of repair of balcony slabs:
- Small;
- Average;
- Capital.
Repair is different
Minor repairs
If during the inspection of the balcony slabs you notice minor cracks and grooves, then to repair such defects it will be enough for you to carry out minor repairs. To do this, thoroughly clean the balcony from dust and dirt, apply a primer, and on top a cement screed made by yourself. For these purposes, you can also use a building mixture on an adhesive basis, applied depending on the damage in 2-3 layers. For minor repairs, laying ceramic tiles is also suitable.
Concrete screed balcony slab
Medium Repair
Medium repairs will be more costly in terms of time and material investment. It consists in the dismantling of the upper layer and waterproofing, the complete restoration of unsuitable layers. When pouring a new screed, it is necessary to ensure a slope of the plate by 2-3% for water drainage. To do this, make the layer thicker near the wall, and with the help of the level we control the desired degree of inclination. We make a screed about 4-4.5 cm from cement and sand in a ratio of 3: 2, it should be quite thick and not spread. After the screed has dried, it is possible to make a waterproofing, for example, liquid or dry compounds on a polymer-cement or cement basis can be used. At the same time, it will not be amiss to check the metal frame, if there are no signs of damage and rust on it, then no action should be taken with it.
Medium repairs will be more expensive in terms of time and material investment
In order to make minor or medium repairs, there must be a minimum set of tools and materials:
- master OK,
- level,
- grater,
- reiki
- formwork boards,
- primer,
- construction mixer
- sand and cement
- waterproofing materials
- hammer,
- metal probe.
Overhaul
Overhaul is necessary in case of emergency condition of the stove
The need to repair the balcony is overwhelming when all the components of the balcony structure are brought to an emergency state, namely:
- The balcony sloped noticeably (more than the permissible norm of 3%);
- Destroyed or crumbled top layer of concrete;
- A rusty reinforced mesh is visible;
- Collapse of the concrete parts of the slab;
- Deep gaps in the plate at the junction with the wall;
- Shattered balcony railing.
In order to be able to repair the plate overhaul, in addition to tools and materials for small and medium repairs, I also recommend, depending on the work performed: a metal cable and corners, electric welding, electrodes, electric drill, reinforcement and reinforcing mesh, shovel, iron brush, anti-corrosion primer, etc. .
Ways to strengthen balcony slabs
If the balcony is tilted more than the permissible norm, then it must first be strengthened. To strengthen the balconies on the lower floors, a columnar foundation can be used. For this, a concrete platform is poured under the balcony, and metal poles 10-15 cm in diameter are installed on it, each of them must support the slab. If the balcony is on the top floor or it is impossible to establish a column foundation for any other reasons, then to strengthen the slab you will have to mount brackets or mensols. The upper reinforcement of the slab can also be performed using a metal cable, which is attached to the sides of the balcony with anchors, the joint between the slab and the wall in this case is further pulled together by the corners.
Repair emergency balcony
If the top layer of concrete is destroyed, and the metal frame is exposed and corroded, then I advise you to clean such parts of the rods with a metal brush and treat it with an anti-corrosion primer. You can also weld part of damaged metal rods. If damage by corrosion is more widespread, then the metal frame should be completely welded again. It must be fixed with special dowels, leaving a small space between the plate and the frame for the solution. Next, formwork is done from the boards so that the solution does not leak out of the balcony. It should be remembered that the concrete layer should be 2-3 times thicker than the metal frame.
Slab insulation
After the screed has dried, it is necessary to carry out waterproofing and sealing, this can be done using such materials:
- Lubricating elastic - made on the basis of bitumen and used for roll roofing;
- Rolled - on a bitumen basis, such as glassine and ruberoid;
- Polymer - based on polyurethane, are mounting foams and compounds for sealing.
DIY balcony sealing
It is also necessary to take into account that a specialist in this field should overhaul a balcony slab.
The best option would be to conclude an overhaul agreement with an organization that has rights to these types of work.
Thus, you will have a guarantee on the work performed and will not be held responsible.
If you still want to do it yourself, be sure to invite a specialist to assess the degree of damage professionally, as a result, it will turn out cheaper than eliminating the consequences of accidents.