Symbols of pipeline elements. Do-it-yourself plumbing installation: classic wiring diagrams and installation instructions How is the toilet indicated on the drawing
Any serious construction begins with the preparation of the project. This allows in advance, even at the level of diagrams and drawings, to compose and place all the engineering communications necessary for a comfortable stay in the room. The main ones, along with gas supply, heating and the chute, are cold and hot water supply with sewage and drains.
For the convenience of planning and reading the designed documentation during construction, GOST developed, approved and regulated in SNiP the conventions of all systems mounted at construction sites, as well as the sanitary requirements for each of them. They also include detailed symbolism of the nodes required for bringing water into the house, filtering it and removing it from the sewage system.
This table shows all the designations for water supply and sewage communications used in construction:
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Symbols of water supply and sewerage are uniform throughout the Russian Federation and the CIS countries. Their change at their discretion is unacceptable. The reason is simple: any trained plumber should understand the drawing on the plumbing arrangement of the object. This will help to avoid errors in the technology of work and, of course, to provide the most efficient way to operate the facility’s water supply.
Symbols on the drawings and diagrams for the installation of plumbing should be indicated during the construction of any construction object, whether it be a multi-storey building, a cottage or any industrial building. They also apply. in computer programs, for example, AutoCADused when creating projects of water supply and sewage facilities.
Features of drawing diagrams and drawings
Plumbing symbols for symbols of various nodes are used both in the schemes of the object and its drawings. Both that and another type of graphic display of communications, as a whole, carries out the same task - the creation of a working draft, which is the main document during construction work.
A scheme is a plan, the beginning of everything, most often based on a specific technical task. It runs on any medium, including a simple notebook. All elements of the upcoming design here can be fixed quite conditionally, only with the designation of the mounting nodes and their communication links at the facility. For example, like this:
However, more informative are the schemes where the projection of the designed communications and the symbols of all the proposed nodes are indicated. Depending on the need, two types of projections are used in the schemes - two-dimensional and three-dimensional (isometric).
Two-dimensional ( axonometric) schemes allow you to represent the object in two planes: in length and height or in length and width:
Isometric view more informative. It makes it possible to immediately evaluate the working area by length, width and height:
Even more visual for the designer is a three-dimensional image in computer format 3D. Using it is much easier to maintain the scale and size required.
The presence of all sizes in all three planes, made in a given scale, turns a detailed and accurately executed scheme into a drawing. All drawings in construction projects are made on paper. This makes them more convenient to use on objects. On large construction sites equipped with computers, information is duplicated on special sites with the ability to view each drawing plot in 3D.
The main objective of the project is to create a plan that takes into account all the subtleties of supplying cold and hot water to the object and its subsequent sewage.
The specification of the proposed drawings is also important, in particular, data on the wells available on the construction site, as well as the topography of the area. In addition, the project includes all certified materials necessary for the work.
All symbols in the drawings must comply with GOST. Otherwise, it will be impossible to carry out the installation work exactly. It is also necessary to take into account the requirements of SPDS (design documentation system for construction) for the development and accounting of documentation designed to install plumbing at construction sites. Only in this way can one gain confidence that the water supply of the house and its sewage system will work efficiently and safely.
Symbols in drawings for water supply systems
Before developing a water supply project for a building and, in particular, a country house, a whole group of factors is identified that can affect the functioning of the water supply system.
These factors include, first of all, the presence or absence of a centralized water supply network near the construction site, and whether it can lead to pressure drops. If there is no network, a local water supply system with the installation of an accumulation tank is designed.
The process of creating a project goes through several stages:
- Based on the total number of water consuming points in the house and on the site, the maximum load on the water supply system is calculated.
- Methods are being developed to compensate for water supply by lowering the pressure in a central or local network.
- A drawing is made.
- Equipment is selected according to the selected scheme.
In order to correctly place the symbols of the water supply on the drawings of the projected object, the designer needs to imagine what elements the water supply system consists of. The number of water supply elements and the material from which the sanitary fittings are made may be different in cost and quality, but this does not fundamentally change anything.
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Symbols of piping schemes and the corresponding complete set of the water supply system in all cases remain about the following in composition:
- well (or other source);
- pump;
- storage tank with a tee;
- two branch pipes: one for domestic water supply, the other for technical (garden, vegetable garden);
- water filtration system for a home with a tee;
- two branch pipes: one for cold water, the other for hot.
Conventional graphic designations of pipelines are aimed at showing the piping system of hot and cold water pipes.
Cold water from the tee of the filtration system it enters the collector installed in the house. From there it is distributed through pipes to the existing plumbing points.
Hot water It is connected to the heater and then, in the same way, is dotted. This diagram clearly demonstrates this:
Sewerage: design features
The sewerage system in any house or production room is divided into an indoor and outdoor module. The first covers cleaning inside buildings, the second provides for external sewage around the house.
The internal sewer module is formed from a network of pipelines combined into one complex. From the house, this module has only one outlet, connected to the outdoor module by means of a check valve, which prevents the system from being overfilled with water in the event that the outdoor containers are full.
Into which all internal and external drains from the external sewer supply are discharged, including “stormwater” if it is available on the site.
Rain storm sewer
What types are there, who provides service and installation features
When designing, a number of calculations are made. The main ones are:
- determination of the localization of sanitary units inside the room and how to connect them to the sewer;
- selection of drainage methods (forced or self-draining). In the case of self-draining water, the slope of the pipes is calculated, as well as their marking.
In addition, the project takes into account:
- environmental requirements of the area adjacent to the house: a cesspool with a septic tank should not be placed close to wells with drinking water;
- a method of discharging sewage. It can be autonomous with disposal through a cesspool or centralized with the disposal of waste through the general village sewage system available near the house.
Symbols of domestic sewage
The internal sewerage system is designed to discharge drains from all plumbing installations available in the room. Water formed as a result of the life of its inhabitants, mainly moves through pipelines installed with a certain bias, in a natural way. In rare cases, this requires forced promotion.
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The rooms in which the plumbing is located are planned close to each other. This helps to speed up the drain and reduces the likelihood of clogging of the sewer.
In order to avoid the appearance of unpleasant odors, plumbing siphons are provided for during the planning of each plumbing fixture. The end of the pipe, which unites all branches, through the wall is displayed outside the building.
The sewer designation must take into account both internal and external sewer networks.
Internal sewage includes signs indicating:
- bends from all sanitary facilities available in the room;
- risers, allowing to pump effluents from the upper floors to the lower;
- collectors collecting wastewater from various sources;
- exhaust systems;
- treatment plants;
- ventilation pipelines;
- cleaning pipes;
- hydraulic locks preventing the penetration of unpleasant odors from the sewer;
- sewer plugs.
The designation of the sewer plug is mandatory. If there are several caps, the location of each should be indicated on the drawing.
The domestic sewage system in residential buildings is designed in isometric pipelines with symbols, primarily as a system for household waste. At the same time, it provides gutters associated with storm sewers or special trays around the perimeter of the building. A special siphon is installed at the place where the drains from the house are released.
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The symbol in the perspective view of the sewage system includes the elements that are the source of sewage waste:
- equipment of sanitary units (bathtubs, sinks, toilets, bidets);
- dishwashers and washing machines;
- industrial equipment with water waste systems.
Flushing devices are connected to the water supply. Wastewater is sent to the external sewer through siphons, which are simultaneously hydraulic gates - U-shaped pipes with water. A pipe with inspection holes is connected to each siphon in the event of a blockage.
The drawing also conventionally indicates the pipe receivers of sewage effluents, as well as their fittings, with which the effluents are discharged to cast-iron or plastic risers - tees, elbows, crosses. The attic of the riser to the roof is indicated in the drawing, which prevents the gas contamination of the room with unpleasant odors.
Graphic symbols in the drawings of the external sewage system
External sewerage covers water treatment and spillway outside the house. It can be alloyed, semi-dividing, dividing. Alloyed sewage system is designed to collect all types of sewage into a collector and then sent to a treatment network.
Semi-separation sewerage is aimed at the removal of all rainfall without dividing them into polluted and clean.
Symbols of sewerage in the drawings of the separation system include a storm and household network.
Storm water outlets collect rainwater or industrial effluents and, without preliminary treatment, discharge them into a sewer well or reservoir.
A sewer network designed for domestic needs passes atmospheric precipitation or sewage of industrial origin through a special filtration system.
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Graphic signs on wiring diagrams necessarily show:
- devices for receiving wastewater;
- pipes for drainage;
- external sewer riser;
- exhaust ventilation pipe;
- hydraulic shutter;
- outlet;
- yard sewer network;
- sewer well with a cover;
- drain funnel;
- riser sewer internal.
Each of these elements has a certain function in the system of reception, transmission and treatment of sewage and storm water, and therefore must be installed both in the house and in the adjacent area.
Article Summary
The value of symbols in the practice of building design is difficult to overestimate. In the process of studying the material, a large amount of information is being worked out, relating not only to the equipment mounted on the object. It is important to create a drawing that would be understood by the direct performers of the work: it should be easy to read.
It is for this that the conventions are intended. They can be alphabetic, digital, but the most graphic is graphic, symbolic, option.
The icons used by the project executor allow the master reading the drawing to easily determine which element of the system to be created and where to install it. This greatly facilitates the installation of plumbing and sewage at the facility.
A great advantage of the symbols is that with their help, according to GOST, not only plumbing communications, but also the plumbing itself can be applied to the drawing: sink, faucets, bathtub, shower, toilet bowl.
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Each of these elements is displayed as a specific pattern. This makes it possible to immediately understand what should be installed in one place or another, and, ultimately, carry out work more quickly and efficiently.
Symbols on the drawings of water supply and sewerage must be indicated not only during the construction of multi-storey buildings, but also during the construction of small houses. Regardless of the type of structure, special conventions are always used. They are regulated by GOST, and they are used in any programs that allow you to create drawings of the sewage system and water supply, including in AutoCAD.
Most modern buildings are equipped with systems that are responsible for the implementation of sanitary standards. As a rule, this is a whole complex of engineering communications, which includes a hot and cold water supply system, sewage system, gas supply, a garbage chute, drains, heating.
e this is necessary for a comfortable stay in a residential building of people. But in order for all systems to work correctly, the risks of malfunctions must be minimized. And so that with any breakdowns you can immediately fix the problem, everything is carefully planned. The most important systems, including the sewage system with water supply, should be thought out as qualitatively as possible, put on the drawing, and then executed in accordance with a pre-compiled plan. Only in the case of the proper drawing up of the drawing and the fulfillment of all its requirements can it be possible to build a building that will meet all the standards of landscaping and comfort.
Sewerage and water supply design
These systems play a very large role in people's lives. The comfort of the residents of the house, as well as the improvement of the premises, depend on how correctly the drawing of the sewage system and water supply is drawn up. Drainage systems play a special role. Some believe that there is nothing complicated in installing a sewer system, but, in fact, drafting its project is a very large, labor-intensive and responsible work. If you make even the slightest mistake, then it will certainly prove itself. Sometimes it comes to the point that design inaccuracies lead to the fact that the house is unsuitable for living.
A sewer system is needed in order to remove waste liquids and some solid waste from each apartment. Most often, they have very unpleasant odors, so the design of the wastewater system is made taking into account all norms, hygiene rules and the improvement of residential premises. Solid elements, fats, and a large amount of storm water pass through the sewer. This suggests that the system must be reliable in order to fulfill its main purpose efficiently throughout the entire set period of operation.
But no one is protected from force majeure situations. Therefore, the sewer project must be designed in such a way that in case of unforeseen circumstances and any breakdowns, everything could be quickly fixed.
The drainage system is very important for any home - both multi-story and private. Its task is to remove wastewater into special reservoirs. It is very important to design the system so that contaminated liquids do not enter the soil. Otherwise, there may be a threat of sanitary and epidemiological danger throughout the surrounding area.
Designing a water supply system is no less difficult and very responsible task.
t also have their own rules and regulations. Most often, the water supply and sewage system is designed at the stage of the start of construction of the building. But it also happens that it is necessary to bring in water and make a drain in a ready-made house. Most often, this is found in the old fund and in the private sector. In the preparation of such drawings, there are their own characteristics. For each case, decisions are made individually.
It is worth noting that even in the simplest case at first glance, there are a lot of nuances that must be taken into account. Therefore, when drawing up a drawing and a project for water supply and sewage for a residential building, it is worth contacting professionals. Specialists know exactly how to properly and safely provide a house with water and remove waste water from the room.
Features of the legend on the diagram
In order to properly place the water supply and sewage system, it is necessary to draw up a preliminary drawing. For each type of room, it will be different. Moreover, experts always take into account the characteristics of the house, and the geographical location, and the number of rooms where it will be supplied, and where the water will come from. There are many nuances in this matter, but always before the start of work a scheme is created, on the basis of which further work will be carried out.
When carrying out the drawings, generally accepted designations should be used. These are conditional symbols, according to which any master will be able to easily read one or another scheme, even the most complex.
The designations that are used to make drawings of the water supply and sewage systems are regulated by the SNiP and GOST documents. Other conditional images are not allowed. There is a whole list of valid characters, with which you can make a detailed diagram of how water will enter the house and get out of it.
Each specialist knows how to correctly draw drawings using symbols. There are special programs for this, for example, AutoCAD. Here, the use of all elements that are approved by GOST is allowed. But it must be borne in mind that creating a high-quality and correct scheme of a system for supplying and removing water from a house is a rather complicated task. No errors are permissible here, therefore, if there is no experience in such a matter, it is worth entrusting the creation of the drawing to professionals.
When planning a project with the help of symbols, the master indicates the points of entry of hot, cold water, the location of plumbing fixtures and the withdrawal of sewage.
Depending on the type of building, a compact or stretched design can be used. Here, a large role is played by the possibilities of the living space. If a water supply and sewage project is prepared before the start of construction of the building, then it is possible to arrange all the facilities nearby, which will simplify further work. When it comes to conducting water and introducing sewage in an already finished building, there may be obstacles that will require plumbing fixtures to be placed in different places. This must be indicated in the design documents.
Drawing legend
When designing a hot and cold water supply and sewage system, it is customary to use special notation. They can be different, but GOST regulates all standards, so you cannot change them at your discretion. The scheme should contain only those signs that are used by all specialists in this field.
Special symbols and alphanumeric elements can be used to designate a water supply and sewage system. In addition, lines are always used in the drawing. Conventional signs are used without any further explanation. The only exceptions are those elements that are regulated by industry standards. In this case, it is recommended to indicate a link to them.
In total, more than 70 elements are used to create a water supply and sewage scheme. Not all of them are common, but some are necessarily present when drawing up a standard drawing.
On the diagram, you can often see straight and dashed lines and dotted lines with a dot. This is a line of wastewater, storm and mixed sewers. On the diagrams there are elements with lines of different lengths, which are complemented by all kinds of elements, such as rectangles, circles, triangles and simply perpendicular segments. They have different meanings and indicate the presence of runoff, the completion of a pipe segment, the presence of a damper, etc. A circular mark with one or another letter indicates the presence of a gas trap, grease trap, fuel damper, dirt trap, etc. on this section. By the letter in the center of the circle it is easy to understand what is at stake. If, on the diagram, a circle is simply indicated without a letter, then a drawing tank is provided for here.
Special designations are also provided in order to put plumbing on the drawing. GOST provides for the designation on the diagram of a shower cabin with a flexible hose for water, and sinks with faucets, and bathtubs, and toilets with various types of flushing. Each element has its own element. They are displayed in the form of conditional drawings, according to which it is easy to determine what type of plumbing is involved in the drawing.
What does the water supply and sewerage scheme contain?
When designing a project, you need to consider a lot of different points. Here, as a rule, not only layouts of various nodes, pipes, valves and catchers are indicated, but also a considerable amount of other important information for performers. It is necessary to make it easier and more convenient for craftsmen to read drawings. Symbols are used here, but mainly in the alphanumeric version.
The design documentation must contain a plan for the layout of communications, namely, the hot and cold water supply and sewage supply systems. The data of the well table, the specification of the project and many other information that may be useful during the execution of the planned work are indicated. Only with the correct preparation of all documents can you be sure that the system will function correctly and will not cause inconvenience to people who will live in the designed building. It will be impossible to cope with this task without certain knowledge and experience, therefore, if you have doubts about your own strengths, it is worth entrusting this work to professionals.
Information about the designation of the sewer system and water supply is usually made in the design documents using alphanumeric symbols. They are common to all schemes and drawings of plumbing pipelines.
The general designation of the water supply system is marked as B0, pipes for household drinking water will be registered as B1. If the water supply for the fire protection system is marked on the diagram, B2 is indicated, and water for industrial needs is supplied through the B4 pipe.
Thus, everything that has the mark “B” refers to the water supply system. The sewer sign is marked with the letter "K". If the scheme needs to indicate a domestic drainage system, K1 will be indicated. For rain sewage, the symbol K2 is used. To create a sewage system in an industrial building, the K3 mark will be used.
All numeric, alphabetic, and graphic characters must be applied correctly. It is not allowed to use in the drawings of water supply and sewerage those elements that are not regulated by GOST and SNiP. It must be remembered that with the help of appropriate signs a formula is created, according to which the performers continue to work. If you spell out the scheme and draw the drawing incorrectly, this can lead to excessively fast wear of the network, frequent breakdowns or even make the building unsuitable for human life. Correct symbols and symbols ensure that the contractor will read the document as it should, and the quality of construction and installation works depends on this in many respects. If all the requirements of GOST are observed, an effective sewage system and a water supply system can be developed, which will guarantee their long and uninterrupted operation.
Creating a drawing in AutoCAD
This program is one of the main assistants in the design, as it allows you to create drawings quickly and conveniently. In the AutoCAD system, you can also develop a water supply and sewage project. But this will require certain knowledge, since the program has its own characteristics.
Even in order to develop the simplest drawing in AutoCAD, you need to spend several hours studying the program. The worldwide network offers a lot of free lessons, which will be enough to learn the basics. This is enough to create a simple drawing of a water supply and sewage system.
The program is convenient in that you can draw any diagram here. To create a system for withdrawing and discharging water from a residential building in AutoCAD, the same conventions are used as in ordinary drawings.
The AutoCAD program has a huge number of advantages that will be useful for those who create projects for water supply and sewage systems. Here you can make a scanned drawing, and then make corrections on it, but already on the computer. The program features do not allow to draw all the elements, but mark only half, and then use the reflection function of the drawing. This saves time and effort when it comes to a symmetrical image.
The AutoCAD program will be useful for those involved in the design of various systems. But it needs to be thoroughly studied so that the work is simple and convenient. In addition to AutoCAD, there are other special programs. But in any case, their development will require a lot of time, so it is much easier to entrust the work of creating drawings of water supply and sewer system to professionals.
The installation of sanitary systems is carried out according to the working installation drawings and in accordance with the current Construction Norms and Regulations, the project for the production of works (PPR), containing technological maps and operational quality control cards.
The set of technical documentation includes: the title page of the project and floor plans (plans at different elevations), attic and basement plans, sections of buildings with the indication of sanitary equipment and pipe: wires; axonometric diagrams of systems or sections (for the sewage system and drains of residential and public buildings); drawings of water and heating inputs with control units; drawings of non-standard units of sanitary devices with a callout of individual complex parts; typical drawings referred to in the project; drawings of underground channels; plans, sections, diagrams of a heat point, boiler room with an indication of equipment and foundations; plans and sections, diagrams of individual installations; specification of equipment and materials; estimates; explanatory note; assembly drawings of pipelines of internal sanitary systems developed by the design organization.
When laying intra-quarter networks, the set of technical documentation also includes the general plan of the structure, profiles for external networks, drawings of structures on the networks (cameras, wells, etc.).
Technical documentation is considered in the VET (production and technical department) with the involvement of foremen, foremen and workers. Particular attention is paid to the possibility of using more economical and rational solutions that reduce the complexity of work, the need for equipment and materials, the maximum use of standard and standard parts, and to ensure safe working conditions. After reviewing, making the necessary changes, coordinating them with the design organization and the customer, the technical documentation is approved by the chief engineer of the department, after which it is transferred to production. Having received technical documentation, the foreman introduces the installers to it.
On the basis of technical documentation, a work production project (PPR) is developed, consisting of calendar plans, network schedules of work, which indicate the scope of work, the need for materials and equipment, orders for the manufacture of assembly units and parts, process cards for processes that do not have standard solutions, safety measures.
In the working drawings of sanitary systems developed by design organizations, the level of detail is insufficient for their factory manufacturing. They do not bind elements to building structures. Therefore, they carry out installation design.
For typical buildings constructed from large prefabricated elements that have slight deviations of actual sizes from design, installation design can be performed on the basis of working drawings of sanitary systems and construction drawings developed by the design organization. In non-standard buildings, the actual dimensions of building structures can have significant deviations from the design. In this case, the installation drawings are developed on the basis of measurements in kind of those elements of the built building that determine the necessary dimensions of the mounting units of the sanitary systems. This method of installation design provides high quality mounting blanks.
When developing assembly sketches, drawings and measurements, the following concepts are used:
- a part (1, 2, 3 in Fig. 40) - a part of the pipeline that does not have connections (pipe section, transition, branch, tee, flange, etc.);
Fig. 40. Node (a) and block (b):
1, 2, 3 - details
- element - a part of a unit consisting of two or three parts connected by welding or on a thread (pipe with a flange, pipe with a tee, pipe with bends);
- node - the layout of several elements assembled together using detachable and integral connections; the unit also includes standard and non-standard parts;
- block - two or more nodes interconnected by means of detachable and one-piece connections;
- the mounting position of the device, equipment, pipeline - this is their location relative to building structures and other equipment, which ensures ease of installation and use of them, as well as safe operation;
- construction length / page - a size that determines the position of a piping part or assembly relative to another adjacent part or system equipment, for example, the distance from the riser axis to the axis of the device or the distance between the centers of the connecting parts
- installation length / m - the actual length of the part without connecting parts and fittings; the assembly length of the part is less than its construction length by the amount of skid x - the distance between the axis of the connecting part or reinforcement and the end of the part screwed into it;
- procurement length / zag - the total length of the pipe segment required for the manufacture of the part; for straight, without bending parts, the installation and procurement lengths are equal; procurement lengths of curved parts are determined depending on their type.
Measurements in kind are carried out by highly skilled measuring workers or technicians who are part of the production preparation group. By the time the measurements are taken, the object must have mounting readiness. For measurements, a Hume length tape measure, a folding metal meter, a building level, a plumb line with a 15-20 m long cord, a wooden batten measuring 1,500 x 40 x 20 mm, a protractor with an angle meter, universal templates, colored pencils or crayons are used.
Measurements begin with the marking of the installation positions of the devices (heating, sanitary), the axes of the risers and pipelines in accordance with floor plans and axonometric diagrams of the project. The mounting positions of the devices are marked on the walls. The axis of the riser is marked using a plumb line with a cord. To do this, the worker, located on the top floor, lowers the plumb line into the hole in the ceiling and places the plumb line in a place convenient for mounting the riser. Another worker, being below, checks the possibility of installing the riser along the intended vertical and indicates the axis of the riser. Applying the cord to the axis of the eyeliner and the branch point from the riser, outline the axis of the pipelines. Measure the building length and put its values \u200b\u200bon the sketch, on which the assembly unit is depicted in axonometric projection, the diameters of the pipeline sections, connecting parts, fittings, connections are indicated.
Then the sketches are processed and on their basis the installation drawings and specifications are developed. In this case, the installation lengths of the parts are determined, which are shown in Fig. 41 are indicated by numbers, and procurement, indicated in the figure by numbers in circles.
Fig. 41. Sketches of measurements of pipelines:
a is the plan; b - sketch with measurements of building lengths; in - processed sketch, conventionally divided into blocks I-VI; 1 - devices; 2 - risers
Pipelines are divided into nodes and blocks so that their mass and overall dimensions are convenient for installation, loading, transportation, posting on floors.
Sketch drawings are drawn up and applied to orders, which are drawn up in four copies: two are transferred to the procurement company, one to the assembly department, and another is stored in the control room.
After reading this article, you will learn how to correctly and quickly display the sewer, water supply and heating system on an axonometric diagram.
How to reflect all the elements of communication in the drawing
In order to cope with such a task, you need a program to create graphic drawings, sketches and diagrams. You can open any of the arsenal of construction programs supplemented by such a function, or one with which you are familiar.
Before developing a perspective view, prepare an apartment or other room with communication networks.
Drawing everything is not so difficult, especially if you have experience working with engineering programs. The sketch reflects all the pipes shown on the plan of the house. They are transferred to the electronic version of the axonometric scheme and reflected at an angle of 45 degrees.
Important! This rule does not apply to horizontal sections. The lines are left unchanged.
Like designs in electronic version
The fastest way to build a drawing is by cloning the entire schema. To do this, select the "Insert" command, after which the integrated image is turned over. For the function to execute, it is assigned a value equal to 45 degrees (a number is written in the program).
Having prepared the basis in electronic form, where risers are marked on the plan, they put symbols in the form of dots. A vertical line is drawn to reflect all floors in the building. For the purpose of better perception, overlap panels are reflected in the diagram.
Important! Do not make plates too long. Use the gap.
A feature of the axonometric scheme of sewerage is the reflection of all elements of sanitary devices: urinals, toilets, sinks, drains and other devices for hygienic procedures.
What is reflected in the diagram?
The axonometric figure of the sewage system necessarily shows:
- The entrances of the house.
- Distribution system wiring in the building (risers and branches from them to each floor).
- The locking and regulating elements of fittings.
- Adapter rings for pipes with different diameters at their joints.
- Descent points from the system (tees with plugs).
- Cranes: watering and fire stations.
- Sewerage equipment, water metering points, instrumentation and other components of the sanitary and water supply branch.
What data contribute to the drawing
The introduction of the following indicators describing the water supply system is mandatory when constructing an axonometric diagram. Such information includes:
- The designation of the risers (usually the area of \u200b\u200bthe leader line).
- The floor level of each floor of the room, the boundary of the horizontal branch (at the axes of the pipeline), the height of the points of drawdown (marks along the risers).
- Diameters of system elements.
- Slope angles of pipelines (with indication of slope).
- Dimensions (length) of each of the independent sections of the pipeline, which include risers and horizontal branches in millimeters.
- Coordinating sizes (information of a secondary nature).
- Designation of nodes in order to detail the drawing.
In addition to a number of basic data, accompanying documentation is attached to the schemes, including the specification for materials and equipment.
Sketch Design Features
Here, attention is focused on the reflection of devices. If one element climbs onto another, and this happens in most cases, then a dotted line indicates the displacement of the plumbing element in order to better visual effect.
The axonometric diagram of the water supply should include indications of all pipe diameters. If the toilet is not marked on the tap, then take a diameter of 50 mm, if it is, the minimum diameter should be 100 mm. These numbers are important to remember. For risers in 90% of cases, an indicator of 100 mm is used. Slopes in the same diameter will be 0.02, with an indicator of 50 mm, the slope is set to 0.03.
If you have already applied all the elements, mark the outlets, the diameter of which is larger than that of the risers, for the slope they take a number of 0.02.
At the last stage of drawing up the axonometry, special marks are made based on the characteristics of the site and the construction plan. Here they note the level of freezing of the soil, the location of the foundation, as well as other factors affecting edits.
Features of the drawings
When designing an axonometric diagram, pay attention to such points:
- Plumbing and other devices connected to the risers and distribution network, reflect only when the necessary documentation is not necessary schemes.
- The zero mark (level of the first floor) is shown on risers, drawing a thin horizontal line. In the case of a detailed project, each of the nodes in the drawing is considered separately, reflecting it on an enlarged scale.
- If necessary, the sketches of diagrams and drawings of water supply networks and sewerage make the legend of shut-off and control valves, watering taps and other system elements.
Axonometric drawings of heating and ventilation branches
When working with utility networks, calculations and graphical visualization act as important components of work on a project for the construction of a residential building. In addition to the plan of the house and its facade, the package of documents required for construction is supplemented by an axonometric diagram of communications. On it you can clearly study a particular network: water, heating, ventilation. Especially relevant is the use of such drawings in the arrangement of complex systems. A perspective view of the heating project simplifies the work of installers in the process.
What to look for when building a sketch
Before reflecting the axonometric scheme of heating the premises in paper or electronic form, a number of calculations are performed. The scheme itself is based on the collected data:
- heat demand values \u200b\u200bfor the rooms of the building;
- typologies of heating devices, their quantity for each of the rooms;
- basic decisions regarding the entire engineering network: the use of risers, the calculation of hydraulic branches and circuits, the procedure for connecting elements of the heating system;
- characteristics of pipeline sections: diameters and lengths of pipe fragments, valves, thermal controllers, hydraulic regulators.
Having received the corresponding calculations, their indicators are entered into the scheme. Axonometric necessarily contains the technical characteristics of each network node (boilers and pumps used), pipe length and diameter, heat consumption and information about other thermal properties of heating devices, such as radiators, convectors, registers.
Starting to work on an axonometric drawing, first of all, the main ring of coolant movement is determined - the path to the most remote element from the boiler and vice versa.
Summarizing what has been studied, let us say that axonometry is performed without fail, regardless of the type of communication system for structures of any type of purpose. Having a graphic drawing before their eyes, installers quickly determine how much work to be done and how exactly the network looks.
If a specialist understands axonometric and the drawing itself is done correctly without any errors, then during the project execution it is possible to exclude the occurrence of any difficulties associated with the installation of heating system elements, piping and other engineering networks.
In order for the design, and then the installation of the water supply, to be successful, it is necessary to correctly visualize the building itself and the communication branches inside it on a sheet or in electronic form. In this case, the graphic component of the project includes:
- general plan of the building;
- situational scheme;
- facade;
- plans for each floor;
- roof plan;
- axonometric schemes: ventilation, heating, water supply;
- cuts and other concepts.
Remember that when working with a correctly designed axonometry, there are no problems with 99.9% of cases. Therefore, this stage is so important in the design of the future home or apartment building.
Drawings of internal water supply and sewage systems belong to the basic set of working drawings of the VK brand and are carried out in accordance with GOST 21.601-79. Drawings of this type are system plans, system diagrams, and general view drawings. Perform them on the following scales:
System plans …………………………………………… 1: 100.1: 200.1: 400
Fragments of the plans …………………………………… ... 1: 50.1: 100 Nodes ……………………………………………… ... 1:20, 1:50
Nodes in a detailed image ……………… .1: 2,1: 5,1: 10
Plans, sections and schemes of installation of systems ....... ... 1: 50.1: 100
It is allowed on the building plans to combine images of all VK systems (cold and hot water supply, sewage, etc.).
On the plans of the systems provide the following data:
● coordination axes of the building and the distance between them;
● building structures and technological equipment, to which one of the systems is supplied;
● designation of risers of systems and marks of clean floors of floors and main sites;
● diameters of pipelines, water inlets, sewage outlets and other necessary data.
Figure 6.4 shows an example of the design of the drawing of the plan, in figure 6.5− a fragment of the plan.
When combining all the systems, the name of the plan is done according to the type: “Plan at elev. 0.000 ”or“ Plan of 3-9 floors ”. If the plans of the systems are carried out separately, their name is made according to the “Plan of the technical underground. Systems B1, T3, T4 ”,“ Attic plan. T4, K1 systems. ” The inscriptions on the drawings should be concise and comprehensive.
When depicting a part of the plan of systems, the axes limiting the necessary part of the plan are indicated in the name.
The working drawings of the systems give an explication of equipment and material specifications. Material specifications are placed on one sheet with an image of the system to which they relate, or put on the title page.
Figure 6.4
Figure 6.5
The title page shows the indexation of elements, sanitary systems and equipment used in the drawings.
Conventional indices of devices of the VK system: At-washbasin; M–Wash; R-sink;
TO–Unitase (closet); F-drinking fountain; P-urinal; T-ladder.
Schemes of water supply and sewage systems are drawn in axonometric projection, separately for each system. An example of the implementation of the water supply scheme is shown in Figure 6.6, and the sewerage scheme
- in figure 6.7.
Wiring diagrams are read in conjunction with floor plans in which elements of the systems depicted on them are located.
For example, Figure 6.8 shows a general view of the equipment with appliances and piping of sanitary facilities and kitchens. To show the installation of the bath conditionally removed. From the visual image, it is easy to imagine a general engineering solution, but the design features are not clear. To show
system designs in sets of sanitary drawings develop several images.
Figure 6.9 shows a fragment of rooms with pipelines for water supply and sewage, shown in Figure 6.8. To link the arrangement of elements and showing vertical dimensions, the plan is supplemented with axonometric schemes.
Figure 6.10 shows sections along the sewer pipelines with the application of fittings. This allows you to understand the design of nodes and division into enlarged elements with a centralized procurement. Combined plans show only piping tracing. On sections of the sewer due to the size of the shaped parts, the dimensions of which determine the possibility of installation, show all the elements. In each section between the connections affix a diameter, length and slope. Section planes for sewage elements are not shown on the plans.
The following rule must be observed: design the pipeline on the wall along which it is laid.
Figure 6.11 gives an example of a training drawing for the plumbing of sanitary facilities and kitchens of adjacent apartments. It depicts a vertical “pegging” view - a unit for connecting the apartment eyeliner to the riser; the positions of the toilet tap and bath mixer have geodetic marks in relation to the level of the clean floor of the first floor. This designation allows installation to a clean floor device in the room.