Before proceeding with the marking, carefully check the workpiece (for shells, cracks, broken corners and other defects), then it is cleaned of dirt and dust. Next, they study the drawing of the future part in detail and outline the layout: they determine in what positions the workpiece will be installed on the plate, and in what sequence marking lines will be applied.

In order to choose the correct marking path, it is necessary to clearly present the purpose of the part, its role in the machine. Therefore, in addition to the drawing of the marked part, it is also necessary to study the assembly drawing and familiarize yourself with the manufacturing technology of the part.

Choosing a base when marking up. The correct choice of base when marking determines the quality of the latter. The choice of marking bases depends on the design features and manufacturing technology of the part.

The base is selected, guided by the following rules:

• if there is at least one machined surface on the workpiece, take it as a base;
• if not all surfaces are processed, then the surface to be treated is taken as the base;
• if the outer and inner surfaces are not machined, it is preferable to take the outer surface for the bases.

All sizes are applied from one surface or from one line taken as the base.

After the base is outlined, the marking procedure, the location and installation of the workpiece to be marked on the plate are determined, and the necessary marking tools and devices are selected.

Installation of the workpiece on the markingstove.  Before installing the workpiece on a screed plate, those parts of the workpiece where marking risks will be applied are painted with chalk, paint, varnish or copper sulphate. When installing only the first position of the workpiece on the plate is independent, and all other positions depend on the first. Therefore, the first position of the workpiece must be chosen so that it is convenient to start marking from the surface or center line, taken as the base. The workpiece is installed on the plate not in an arbitrary position, but in such a way that one of its main axes is parallel to the surface of the marking plate.

There are usually three such axes on the workpiece - in length, width and height.

Drawing marking lines.For spatial layout of workpieces, horizontal, vertical, and inclined risks must be applied. These names of the images are preserved after turning the workpiece in the process of marking. If, for example, the risks at the initial position of the workpiece were held horizontally, they are, although they are. after turning the workpiece through 90 ° they became vertical, in order to avoid confusion they continue to be called horizontal.

In addition to the main marking marks, parallel to them at a distance of 5 ... 7 mm, control risks are carried out with a colored pencil, which serve to verify the installation of the workpiece during further processing, as well as for processing in cases where the risk has somehow disappeared. When marking on the plate, horizontal the risks are drawn with a reimage set to the appropriate size. Reysmass is moved parallel to the surface of the scribe plate, slightly pressing it with its base to the plate. In this case, the reamer needle should be directed obliquely to the surface to be marked in the direction of movement at an angle of 75 ... 80 0, Press the needle evenly on the workpiece.

There are three ways to mark vertical risks:

• marking square
• with a turner with a workpiece rotation of 90 °,
• with a distance from marking boxes without turning the workpiece.

Inclined lines are applied with a scriber, turning the workpiece along an angle meter installed at the required angle.

Billets of large sizes, which cannot be turned over, are marked with the help of reamers and marking squares. Establish a surface gage on a marking plate and, moving it, put a marking line.

Layout preparation. Before proceeding to the marking, carefully check the workpiece: for shells, cracks, broken corners and other defects. Then the workpiece is cleaned of dirt and dust. Next, they study the drawing of the future part in detail and outline the marking order: determine in what positions the part will be installed on the plate and in what sequence marking lines will be applied.

In order to choose the correct marking path, it is necessary to clearly represent the purpose of the marked part, its role in the machine. Therefore, in addition to the drawing of the marked part, it is also necessary to study the assembly drawing and familiarize yourself with the manufacturing technology of the part.

Choosing a base when marking up. The correct choice of bases when marking determines the quality of marking. The choice of marking bases depends on the design features and manufacturing technology of the part.

The base is selected, guided by the following rules:

• if the workpiece has at least one processed surface, it is taken as the base;
• if not all surfaces are processed, then the unprocessed surface is taken as the base;
• if the outer and inner surfaces are not processed, then the outer surface is taken as the base;
• when marking, all dimensions are applied from one surface or from one line taken as a base.

After the base is outlined, the marking procedure, the location and installation of the part to be marked on the stove are determined and the necessary marking tools and devices are selected.

Installation of the workpiece on a screed. Before installing the workpiece on a screed plate, those parts of the workpiece where marking risks will be applied are painted with chalk, paint, varnish or copper sulphate. When installing only the first position of the workpiece on the plate is independent, and all other positions depend on the first. Therefore, the first position of the workpiece must be chosen so that it is convenient to start marking from the surface or center line, taken as the base. The workpiece is installed on the plate not in an arbitrary position, but in such a way that one of its main axes is parallel to the plane of the marking plate.

There are usually three such axes on the workpiece: in length, width and height.

Large parts that cannot be turned over are marked out with the help of surface guides and marking squares. Establish a surface gage on a marking plate and, moving it, put a marking line.

Marking techniques. For spatial layout of workpieces, horizontal, vertical, and inclined risks must be applied. These names of the pictures are also preserved when turning the workpiece during the marking process. If, for example, the risks at the initial position of the workpiece were held horizontally, then although they became vertical when the workpiece was rotated 90 ° so that there was no confusion, they continue to be called horizontal.

In addition to the main marking marks, in parallel to them at a distance of 5-7 mm, control risks are carried out that serve to verify the installation of the workpiece during further processing, as well as for the possibility of processing in cases where the marking risk has disappeared for some reason.

When marking on the plate, horizontal risks are drawn with a reimbursement set to the appropriate size. Reysmass is moved parallel to the plane of the scribe plate, slightly pressing it with its base to the plate. In this case, the gauge needle should be directed obliquely to the marked plane in the direction of movement at an angle of 75-80 °. The needle pressure on the workpiece should be uniform.

The marking of vertical notches can be carried out in three ways: with a marking square, a surface gage with 90 ° rotation of the workpiece, a surface weight from marking prisms without turning the workpiece.

Inclined lines are applied with a scriber by turning, the part along a protractor installed at the required angle.

When marking hollow parts (Fig. 220), a wooden center strip is hammered into them, and then a metal strip of brass or lead is stuffed onto it to support the compass leg. If the plank is of solid wood, then you can not fill the metal plank. The markup is further conducted in the usual way.

Fig. 220. Marking holes

Marking of cylindrical parts. The billet is laid on the plate on one or two prisms and the horizontality of the generatrix of the cylindrical surface relative to the surface of the marking plate is checked (Fig. 221). Short cylindrical parts are mounted on one prism.

Fig. 221. Marking of the keyway using plane-parallel end measures of length (tiles):
  1 - measuring surface. 2 - block of tiles, 3 - measuring leg, 4 - clamping screw, 5 - scriber. 6 - micrometer screw, 7 - prism

Marking the keyway on the roller must be done in this order:

• study the drawing;
• check the workpiece;
• clean the marked spots on the roller;
• paint with vitriol the end of the roller and part of the side surface on which risks will be applied;
• find the center at the end using the center finder;
• install the roller on a prism and check its horizontal;
• apply a horizontal line passing through the center at the end of the roller;
• turn the roller 90 ° and check the verticality of the drawn line along the square;
• apply a horizontal line at the end of the roller;
• draw a line on the side surface of the roller;
• draw two lines on the side surface corresponding to the width of the keyway, and at the end to the depth of the groove;
• turn the roller with the key risks up and draw a line on the end that indicates the depth of the keyway;
• tilt the contours of the keyway.

Pattern marking. It is used in case of wear or breakage of the part and in the absence of a drawing for the manufacture of a new one. In such cases, the sample is a worn or broken part. If the part is flat, then after thorough cleaning it is placed on the workpiece and marking lines are applied along it with a stroke.

In those cases when it is impossible to impose a sample on a workpiece, it is installed side by side and all dimensions are transferred from it to the workpiece with a thickness meter. When taking measurements from a specimen, the wear of the specimen (old part) should be taken into account, and it should also be checked whether it is damaged, warped, broken tabs, etc.

Place marking. It is made in those cases when, by the nature of the joints, it is necessary to assemble parts on the spot. To do this, mark out one of the parts, drill holes in it; in the second part, the holes are drilled after application of the first one, which is a kind of template with respect to the second.

Rational markup techniques. When working with a thickness gauge, each installation of a scriber in height requires a lot of time.

When marking a batch of identical parts, several thicknesses are used that are pre-set to a certain size. The scriber should be installed in a certain position only once, and then sequentially transfer them to the marked workpiece. From time to time, the installation of the scriber must be checked.

If the locksmith has only one thicknesser, it is recommended that you first transfer one set size to all the workpieces (Fig. 222), then the second, third, etc.

Fig. 222. Marking a batch of parts with one thicknesser

Markup marriage. The most common types of marriage with spatial marking are:

• inaccurate marking due to incorrect and inaccurate installation of the marked part;
• incorrect installation of the marked part and non-compliance with the rules for choosing marking bases;
• non-observance of the marking accuracy in accordance with the dimensions of the drawing;
• malfunction of the marking tool, which inevitably leads to inaccurate marking.

Self Test Questions

1. What is the difference between spatial and plane markings?
2. Why do control risks take place?
3. What are the features of the layout for the sample?
4. When do markups apply in place?

\ Documents \ For teacher of technology and labor training

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Materials sent by Glebov A.A. teacher of technology and labor training of the Municipal Educational Establishment "Veselolopansky Secondary School"

Lesson number 17-18.

Marking of wood blanks.

Purpose:teach students how to mark wood parts.

Equipment:wooden blanks, drawings, marking tools (pencils, rulers, squares, compasses, thicknesses, templates, etc.).

During the classes

I. Repetition of material covered.

1. Conversation on:

"What is the purpose of the routing.

"What is called a blank?

"What is called a technological operation?

2. Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

II. Statement of program material.

1. Introduction to the topic of the lesson.

Teacher. Do you have material from which I would like to make a conceived product. There are tools to get started: sawing, drilling, scoring, etc.

"Is it possible to proceed?

"Will you get a solid, high-quality, beautiful work?

"Why? (Students are listening.)

Guys, in order to embody any conceived business and get such a product that would please the eye, correspond to the required dimensions and the right technological processing, you need to carefully think through everything. Where do you think you should start?  (Predictable answers from students.) Before manufacturing the part of the desired shape, mark it out using measuring and marking tools.

Write down what the term “markup” means.

Markup   - this is the application of contour lines to the workpiece.

When marking rectangular parts, a ruler and a square are used.

The teacher demonstrates the techniques of rectangular marking.

(See Appendices, Fig. 17.)

2. The sequence of actions markup.

1 .Before marking, one of the edges of the workpiece is cut off or cut exactly in a straight line.

2 .Parallel marking lines can be done with a thicknesser. (See Appendices, Fig. 18, 19.)

3. Using a compass, circles and arcs are drawn on the marked workpiece. Then the center is marked.

4. The radius is delayed on the ruler.

5 .On the deferred radius, a circle is drawn.

Consider a special kind of markup, which is template markup.

Template marking is used if it is necessary to make several identical parts of complex shape.

The patterns for these identical parts are made of wood, metal, plastic.

What role do you think patterns play in the overall manufacturing process? (Student responses.)

Template marking allows you to quickly and accurately draw the desired shape of the part.

The teacher shows the markup technique according to the pattern.

III.Practical work.

Accomplishment of tasks:

1. Using marking tools, mark the workpiece blanks according to the drawings proposed by the teacher.

2. Mark the workpiece according to the template suggested by the teacher.

IV. Summary of the lesson.

Assessment of students' practical work. The teacher marks the best work.

Lesson number 17-18.

MARKING OF WOODEN PREPARATIONS

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  5th grade

Technology lesson (boys)

Theme: Marking of wood blanks (2 hours)

Lesson Type:learning new material .

Purpose:To acquaint students with the rules for marking, marking tool.

Tasks:

Educational:

give an initial idea of \u200b\u200bthe marking of timber blanks;

introduce the rules of marking and marking tool.

Educational:

to educate students in the interest of cognitive needs, accuracy and accuracy in work.

Developing:

to develop the skills of academic work - observation, memorization;

mental operations - comparison.

Ways of solving.

A lesson is conducted with the study of new material and consolidation of the studied(practical part - second lesson)

In the lesson are usedelements of a collective way of learning   (hereinafter CSR),individual   (when performing verification work),elements of a differentiated approach   (both in the process of performing verification work, and in assessing students' work).

To achieve the goal and solve the tasks, this lesson is held in a conventional workshop using a multimedia installation. In workbooks, students outline new material.

Teaching methods:story, oral survey, demonstration of multimedia presentations, visual aids and work methods.

Expected Result:

Pupils should know and understand what layout marking is.

Have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe marking tool.

Know the rules for performing markup.

Tools and equipment:  multimedia installation carpentry workbench, carpentry tools and fixtures, wooden workpieces, drawings and marking tools (pencils, rulers, squares, compasses, planers, templates, etc.).

Vocabulary:marking, allowance, edge, base edge, risk, joiner's square, surface gage, tape measure, ...

During the classes

Organizing time(2 minutes.)

Post lesson topics, setting goals and objectives(3 min.)

3. Learning new material(15 minutes.)

Showing a multimedia presentation on the topic, with a discussion and recording of highlights in the workbook.

Physical Fitness(2 minutes.)

Test new knowledge(8 min.)

Lesson Analysis and Summary(5 minutes.)

Homework(3 min.)

Cleaning jobs and cabinet(2 minutes.- can at break)

Lesson summary

Organizing time.

Checking the preparation of students for the lesson (the presence of a workbook, pen, pencil and ruler), monitoring attendance and induction training on labor protection.

The message topics of the lesson, setting goals and objectives.

In notebooks, students write down the topic of the lesson. On the board are written the purpose and objectives of this lesson.

Presentation of new material.

1. Updating reference knowledge.

Conducted in the form of a conversation.

Questions are asked to which students give their answers.

What needs to be done to make a product?

(student responses - mark up blanks)

What tool can be used to mark circles and arcs on workpieces (students' answers - carpentry level, square, roulette, compasses, etc.)

Acquaintance with new material.

It takes the form of a teacher’s story, accompanied by a presentation

During the presentation, students keep notes in a notebook:

The allowance is ...;

The edge is ...;

Base edge - ...;

Risk is ...;

Abstract of the story of the new material

  Markup as a technological process.

Any work with wood should begin with marking. For convenience, with further work, mark up on the workpiece so that it is clearly visible and easy to read. The fact is that when sawing wood, a lot of sawdust forms, which quickly close the applied marking and can adversely affect the quality of the whole work.   Markup  is a responsible and time-consuming job. She is composed  from drawing on the workpiece the dimensions of the parts according to the drawing, taking into account allowances for subsequent processing, drying and warping.

Allowance  - this is the excess of the size of the workpiece against the size of the parts clean. The length allowance is 20-40 mm, and the width and thickness are 5 mm each (students write in a notebook).

The markup should be  accurate and accurate; it depends on the qualifications of the worker, on the quality and accuracy of the marking and measuring tools.

As a rule, wood is marked so that as little as possible waste is obtained from lumber used for blanks for parts.

In other words, markup needed  to obtain a workpiece with a minimum allowance for processing with a manual or electrified tool. The measuring tool should be applied to the edge timber or lumber(say how they differ). It is best to take measurements twice, each time from different ends (show how). If the parts have the same length, then in this case it is not necessary to separately measure each part, because it will take a lot of time and effort. In this case, it is enough to measure one part. Which will act as a template (entry in the student notebook, what istemplate   - slide 14)  for marking up the remaining parts. Before cutting the intended piece of wood or lumber, use square   draw outlined at risk.

The line of marking is called risk. It is applied using a ruler, a square, bullshit, malki, traits, compass, thicknesser, staples, drags   or cord.

In addition to these tools, various tools can be used to mark the workpieces (presented on the slide).

If the material you are going to process does not have base edge , then in this case it is necessary to designate main stream(say what that means), which will be cutting. To do this, attach a bar to the material or beat it off with a cord (string), sprinkled with chalk or charcoal. The technology for performing this operation is as follows: at one end of the board at the desired distance from the edge, a notch is made into which the end of the string is inserted, after which it is rubbed with chalk or charcoal. The other end is held with the left hand at the same distance from the edge, pressing to the board, with the right hand the rope is slightly pulled up and then released. At the same time, a line is printed on the board.

So, mark the workpiece  - this means to indicate with dots and lines the boundary of the workpiece processing.

Rules for markup.

Marking lines in penciland on a clean planed surface   - with an awl.

To perform marking on the plane of the part at right angles from the student pencil box kit, you can use the ruler as a guiding element and a triangle .

To mark the circles, you can use the drawing compass.

In addition to this, there are other ways to perform marking on the plane in non-traditional ways. (what methods can be given as homework for the next lesson).

After the teacher’s story and watching the presentation, we focus on the terminology once again showing the rules for marking blanks personally.

Physical education.

It can be carried out both by students and the teacher.

Testing the assimilation of new knowledge.

To verify the assimilation of new knowledge and their consolidation, students are invited to perform a small test work to consolidate the material studied

Analysis and summary of the lesson.

Checkcompleted works and their assessment  takes place in the following form:

The guys change jobs, then the correct answers for the whole class are read out, students mark their mistakes (if any) and give themselves marks according to them (the teacher can check each work, if he considers it necessary).

Lesson analysis :   together with the students, we once again return to the goal and objectives; We discuss whether everything turned out in accordance with them; what was learned better and what could be worse (what should be emphasized in the next lesson).

Homework.

What other methods of marking on the plane are known by non-traditional methods prepare for practical work

Cleaning jobs and cabinet.

Cleaning jobs, preparing an office for the next class

Annex 1

Individual tasks

What do you know measuring instruments?
List them by drawing.

What is called workpiece marking?

What tool did the part mark in the figure?

What is a template?

Kachkanar city district. MOU secondary school №2. Pasynkov Sergey Viktorovich, technology teacher

Lesson number 17-18.

Marking of wood blanks.

Purpose:   teach students how to mark wood parts.

Equipment:   wooden blanks, drawings, marking tools (pencils, rulers, squares, compasses, thicknesses, templates, etc.).

During the classes

I. Repetition of material covered.

1. Conversation on:

"What is the purpose of the routing.

"What is called a blank?

"What is called a technological operation?

2. Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

II. Statement of program material.

1. Introduction to the topic of the lesson.

Teacher. Do you have material from which I would like to make a conceived product. There are tools to get started: sawing, drilling, scoring, etc.

"Is it possible to proceed?

"Will you get a solid, high-quality, beautiful work?

"Why? (Students are listening.)

Guys, in order to embody any conceived business and get such a product that would please the eye, correspond to the required dimensions and the right technological processing, you need to carefully think through everything. Where do you think you should start? (Predictable answers from students.) Before manufacturing the part of the desired shape, mark it out using measuring and marking tools.

Write down what the term “markup” means.

Marking is the application of contour lines to the workpiece.

When marking rectangular parts, a ruler and a square are used.

The teacher demonstrates the techniques of rectangular marking.

(See Appendices, Fig. 17.)

2. The sequence of actions markup.

1. Before marking, one of the edges of the workpiece is sawn off or cut exactly in a straight line.

2. Parallel marking lines can be done using a thicknesser. (See Appendices, Fig. 18, 19.)

3. Using a compass, circles and arcs are drawn on the marked workpiece. Then the center is marked.

4. The radius is delayed on the line.

5. A circle is drawn along the deferred radius.

Consider a special type of markup, which is markup by template.

Template marking is used if it is necessary to make several identical parts of complex shape.

The patterns for these identical parts are made of wood, metal, plastic.

What role do you think patterns play in the overall manufacturing process? (Student responses.)

Template marking allows you to quickly and accurately draw the desired shape of the part.

The teacher shows the markup technique according to the pattern.

III.Practical work.

Accomplishment of tasks:

1.Using marking tools, mark the workpiece blanks according to the drawings proposed by the teacher.

2. Mark the blank according to the template suggested by the teacher.

IV. Lesson Summary .

Assessment of students' practical work. Teacher notes the best work