|| Concrete work || Solutions || Masonry || Materials, tools, devices used for masonry and brickwork || General information about masonry. Types of masonry and purpose || Transportation, storage, supply and layout of bricks || Cutting systems || Facing masonry and wall cladding. Types of decoration of facades || Forests and scaffolding || Solid brickwork || Sedimentary and temperature seams || Masonry and installation work in the winter. Negative temperature work || Repair, restoration, stone work. Masonry repair tools

A sedimentary seam divides the building along its length into parts if the bases under the building have uneven draft. Vertical sedimentary seams run along the entire height and width of the building from the cornice to the base of the foundation, and the location of the separation of the building by the sedimentary seam is indicated in the design.

Fig. 104. :
  a - section; b - wall plan; c - foundation plan; 1 - foundation; 2 - wall; 3 - seam of the wall; 4 - tongue; 5 - clearance for precipitation; 6 - foundation seam

Sedimentary seams in the walls (Fig. 104) are made in the form of a dowel, half a brick thick, with laying of two layers of roofing, in foundations without a dowel. In order to prevent the sheet pile from abutting against the foundation laying, an empty space of one or two bricks is left over the top edge of the foundation under the sheet pile of the wall, otherwise the laying may collapse in this place. Sedimentary joints caulk tarred tow. So that atmospheric precipitation and groundwater do not fall through the sedimentary seam into the basement, they make a clay castle. The temperature seam protects the building from the appearance of cracks during temperature extremes. So, stone buildings at a temperature of 20 ° C have a length of, for example, 20 m, and at -20 ° C they are shortened by 1 cm. Temperature joints, like sedimentary joints in the form of a tongue and groove, are made only within the height of the wall of the building. When masonry, the width of the sedimentary and temperature joints is prescribed 10-20 mm or less, if the outdoor temperature during masonry is 10 ° C and above.

The laying of the protrusions (pilasters) of the walls is carried out according to a chain (single-row) or multi-row dressing system, with a pilaster width of 4 or more bricks, if the pilaster width is three and a half bricks using a three-row dressing system, as when laying pillars. For dressing the protrusion with the main masonry, depending on the size of the pilasters, incomplete or whole bricks are used. The techniques for laying bricks are applied the same as when dressing wall intersections. Walls with niches are laid in case of installation of heating devices, etc. Niches are performed using dressing systems the same as for solid sections. The niches form, interrupting in the required places, the inner mile, and in the places of the corners, incomplete bonding bricks are laid in order to connect them with the wall (Fig. 105).

Fig. 105.

Walls with channels are laid during the laying of gas ducts, ventilation ducts, etc. The channels are placed in the internal walls of the building, the thickness of which is 38 cm - in one row, and in walls 64 cm thick - in two rows. The channels usually have dimensions 140x140 mm (1 / 2x1 / 2 bricks), chimneys of large furnaces and stoves - 270x140 mm (1 1 / 2x1 / 2 bricks) or 270x270 mm (1x1 bricks). Ventilation ducts and gas ducts in the walls of brick, slag concrete and hollow bricks are laid out of ordinary clay brick with ligation of the channel masonry with the wall masonry (Fig. 106). The thickness of the walls of the channels should be in half-brick and the partitions between them in half-brick. The channels pass vertically in the wall, sometimes channel bends of no more than 1 m are allowed and the angle to the horizon is 60 °. In the section where the channel deviates from the vertical, the cross section remains the same as the vertical channel. Inclined sections are made of hewn bricks, the rest of the laying of the vertical section of whole bricks (Fig. 107).

Fig. 106.
  a - one and a half bricks; b - in 2 bricks

Fig. 107.

The solutions used for laying smoke and ventilation ducts are the same as for laying the main walls of the building. Smoke pipes in low-rise buildings are laid out on clay-sand mortar, the clay content plays a major role in the composition of the solution. The wooden parts where the chimneys go through are arranged to cut the chimney (Fig. 107, b) from non-combustible materials (brick, asbestos) and increase the thickness of the channel walls. Ventilation ducts passing near the smoke channels are cut in the same way as wooden ducts. Cutting between structures - floor beams, Mauerlat - and smoke, i.e., the inner surface of the duct, is 38 cm if there is no protection against fire, and 25 cm if there is protection.

The locations of the channels are pre-marked on the laid out section of the wall according to the template - a board with cutouts, with dimensions and the required marking of the channels. The same template also checks the correctness of the masonry process. So that the size of the channels does not decrease, buoys are inserted into them in the form of hollow boxes from boards. By section they correspond to the size of the channels, their height at the level of ten rows of masonry. The buoys ensure the accuracy of the channel shape, do not allow clogging of the channels, while the masonry joints are better filled with mortar. Rearrange buoys during masonry through 6-7 rows of masonry. The filling of the masonry joints of the channels must be of high quality, otherwise soot will settle. Therefore, rearranging the buoys, the seams are overwritten. To avoid the influx of the solution, the seams are smoothed with a mop, moistened with water beforehand. Check the channels using a ball whose diameter is 100 mm. The ball tied to the cord is lowered into the channel; as it is lowered, the places of clogging are determined. The laying of the walls when filling the frames is carried out using the dressing of the seams, as in the usual laying of the walls. According to the project, they arrange additional fastenings of the masonry to the frame. Reinforcing rods are laid in the seams of the masonry for attaching the frame to the embedded parts.

Deformation is called a change in the shape or size of a material body (or part thereof) under the influence of any physical factors (external forces, heating and cooling, change in humidity from other influences). Some types of deformations are named in accordance with the names of factors affecting the body: temperature, shrinkage (shrinkage - reduction of the size of the material body with the loss of moisture by its material); sedimentary (sediment - settling of the foundation during compaction of the soil underneath it), etc. If a material body is understood to mean separate structures or even the structural system as a whole, then such deformations under certain conditions can cause violations of their bearing capacity or loss of performance.

Long buildings are subject to deformation under the influence of many reasons, for example: with a large difference in the load on the base under the central part of the building and its side parts, with heterogeneous soil in the base and uneven settlement of the building, with significant temperature fluctuations in the outdoor air and other reasons. In these cases, cracks may appear in the walls and other elements of the buildings, which reduce the strength and stability of the building. In order to prevent cracking in buildings, expansion joints that cut buildings into separate compartments.

Sedimentary joints are made in places where uneven precipitation of different parts of buildings can be expected: at the boundaries of sections with different loads on the base, which is usually a consequence of the height difference of buildings (with a height difference of more than 10 m, the installation of sedimentary joints is mandatory), at the boundaries of sections with different the priority of development, as well as at the places where new walls adjoin the existing ones, at the boundaries of sections located on dissimilar foundations, in all other cases when uneven settlement of adjacent sections of buildings can be expected and I.

The design of the sedimentary seam should provide freedom of vertical movement of one part of the building relative to another. Therefore, unlike temperature joints, sedimentary joints are arranged not only in the walls, but also in the foundation of the building, as well as in the ceilings and roof. Thus, sedimentary seams cut through the building through, dividing it into separate parts.

Depending on destination  The following expansion joints are distinguished: shrink, temperature, sedimentary and anti-seismic.

Shrink seams. In monolithic concrete or reinforced concrete walls, during the setting (hardening) of concrete, its volume decreases, the so-called shrinkage, which entails the appearance of cracks. Therefore, in buildings with such walls, seams are made regardless of fluctuations in air temperature, which are called shrinkage.

Temperature seams. With significant changes in the temperature of the outside air in buildings with a large length, deformations occur. In the summer, when buildings heat up, they lengthen and expand, and in winter they shrink when cooled. These deformations are small, but they can cause cracks. To avoid this, the buildings are divided by temperature seams, cutting them across or along the entire height to the foundations. In the foundations, the temperature joints are not satisfied, as they are. being in the ground, not subject to significant changes in air temperature. Temperature joints should provide horizontal movement of the individual parts of the building that they disconnect.

The distance between the expansion joints varies widely (from 20 to 200 mm).

Sedimentary seams. In all cases when an uneven and unequal in size and time precipitation of adjacent parts of the building can be expected, sedimentary seams are arranged.

  Such a precipitate may be, for example:

a) at the boundaries of sections with different loads on the base due to different regulatory loads or at different floors of the building (with a height difference of more than 10 m or more than 3 floors);

b) at the boundaries of sites with a heterogeneous base (sandy soils give a small and short-term precipitation, and clay soils give a large and long-term);

c) at the boundaries of sites with different order of construction of building compartments (compressed and uncompressed soils);

d) at the junction of the newly constructed walls to the existing ones;

e) with a complex configuration of the building in plan;

e) in some cases under dynamic loads.

The design of the sedimentary seam should ensure freedom of vertical movement of one part of the building relative to the other, therefore, unlike temperature joints, sedimentary joints are arranged not only in the walls, but also in the foundation of the building, as well as in the ceilings and roof. Thus, sedimentary seams cut through the building through, dividing it into separate parts.

If temperature and sedimentary joints are necessary in a building, then they are usually combined and then are called temperature-sedimentary seams. Temperature-sedimentary joints should provide horizontal and vertical movement of parts of buildings. They can be temperature-sedimentary and only sedimentary seams.

Antiseismic seams.  In areas subject to earthquakes, buildings for independent settlement of their individual parts are cut into separate compartments with antiseismic seams. These compartments should be independent stable volumes, for which there are double walls or double rows of load-bearing racks included in the load-bearing frame of the corresponding compartment along the lines of anti-seismic seams. These seams are designed in accordance with the guidelines of DBN.

Antiseismic seams can be combined with temperature if necessary.

Structural solutions of expansion joints in buildings

a - temperature seam in a one-story frame building; b - sedimentary seam in a one-story frame building

c - temperature joint in buildings with transverse load-bearing large-panel walls; g - temperature seam in a multi-story frame building; d, e, f, - options for expansion joints in stone walls

1 - column; 2 - supporting structure of the coating; 3 - coating plate; 4 - the foundation for the column; 5 - a common foundation for two columns; 6 - wall panel; 7 - panel insert; 8 - supporting wall panel; 9 - floor slab; 10 - thermal insert.

The maximum distance between the expansion joints

Type of building construction	Heated building	Unheated building
Concrete:
prefabricated
monolithic
Reinforced concrete:
single-story frame
prefabricated multi-story
precast monolithic
monolithic frame
Stone:
clay brick
concrete blocks
natural stones
at - 40 ° C and below
at - 30 ° С and below
at - 20 ° С and higher
Metal:
frame single-story along the building
frame one-story across the building
wire-frame		-

LECTURE №8

EXTERIOR WALLS OF SMALL BUILDINGS AND THEIR ELEMENTS

Lecture plan.

General requirements.

Expansion joints.

Wall classification

Structural elements of the walls.

General requirements and classification

One of the most important and complex structural elements of a building is outer wall (4.1).

External walls are exposed to numerous and various power and non-force influences (Fig. 4.1). They perceive their own mass, constant and temporary loads from ceilings and roofs, the effects of wind, uneven deformations of the base, seismic forces, etc. From the outside, the outer walls are exposed to solar radiation, precipitation, variable temperatures and humidity of the outside air, external noise, and from the inside - to the effects of heat flow, water vapor flow, noise.

Fig. 4.1. Loads and effects on the exterior wall structure.

Performing the functions of the external building envelope and the composite element of the facades, and often the supporting structure, the external wall must meet the requirements of strength, durability and fire resistance, corresponding to the capital class of the building, protect the premises from adverse external influences, provide the necessary temperature and humidity regime of the enclosed rooms, have decorative qualities. At the same time, the design of the external wall must meet the requirements of industry, as well as the economic requirements of minimum material consumption and cost, since the external walls are the most expensive structure (20 - 25% of the cost of all building structures).

The outer walls usually have window openings for lighting rooms and doorways - entrance and exit to balconies and loggias. The complex of wall structures includes filling the openings of windows, entrance and balcony doors, and the design of open spaces. These elements and their interface with the wall must meet the requirements listed above. Since the static functions of walls and their insulating properties are achieved by interacting with internal load-bearing structures, the development of structures of external walls involves solving mates and joints with ceilings, internal walls or frames.

Expansion joints

External walls, and with them the rest of the building structure, if necessary and depending on the climatic and engineering-geological conditions of construction, as well as taking into account the peculiarities of space-planning solutions, are cut in vertical expansion joints  (4.2) of various types: temperature-shrink, sedimentary, antiseismic, etc. (Fig. 4.2).

Figure 4.2. Expansion joints: a - temperature-shrink; b - sedimentary type I; c - sedimentary type II; g - anti-seismic.

Shrink joints arrange in order to avoid the formation of cracks and distortions in the walls caused by the concentration of forces from exposure to variable temperatures and shrinkage of the material (masonry, monolithic or prefabricated concrete structures, etc.). Shrink joints cut through the structure of only the ground part of the building. Distances between heat-shrinkable joints are assigned in accordance with climatic conditions and physicomechanical properties of wall materials. So, for example, for exterior walls of clay brick with a mortar of grade M50 or more, the distances between heat-shrinkable joints of 40 - 100 m are taken according to SNiP ІІ-22-81 “Stone and stone-stone structures”. In this case, the smallest distance refers to the most severe climatic conditions.

In buildings with longitudinal load-bearing walls, seams are arranged in the area adjacent to the transverse walls or partitions, in buildings with transverse load-bearing walls, seams are often arranged in the form of two paired walls. The smallest joint width is 20 mm. Seams must be protected from blowing, freezing and through leaks with the help of metal expansion joints, sealing, insulating liners. Examples of structural solutions for heat-shrink joints in brick and panel walls are given in Fig. 4.3.

Figure 4.3. Details of the installation of expansion joints in brick and panel buildings: a - with longitudinal load-bearing walls (in the zone of transverse stiffness diaphragm); b - with transverse walls with paired internal walls; in - in panel buildings with transverse walls; 1 - outer wall; 2 - inner wall; 3 - a warming insert in a wrapper made of roofing material; 4 - caulking; 5 - solution; 6 - nashchelnik; 7 - floor slab; 8 - panel of the outer wall; 9 - the same, internal.

Sedimentary seams it should be provided in places of sharp changes in the number of storeys of the building (sedimentary seams of the first type), as well as with significant unevenness of deformations of the base along the length of the building caused by the specifics of the geological structure of the base (sedimentary seams of the second type). Sedimentary joints of the first type are used to compensate for differences in the vertical deformations of the ground structures of the high and low parts of the building, in connection with which they are arranged similarly to temperature-shrink only in ground structures. The design of the seam in frameless buildings provides for a sliding seam in the area of \u200b\u200bsupporting the overlap of the low-rise part of the building on the walls of the multi-storey building, in frame structures - the hinged support of the crossbars of the low-rise part on the multi-storey columns. Sedimentary seams of the second type cut the building to the entire height - from the ridge to the base of the foundation. Such seams in frameless buildings are designed in the form of paired frames. The nominal width of the suture joints of the first and second type is 20 mm.

Expansion joints in buildings are used to reduce the loads on structural elements in places of predicted deformations that occur when temperature fluctuations, seismic effects, uneven subsidence of the soil and can cause dangerous loads.

Depending on the purpose, expansion joints can be divided into temperature, sedimentary, seismic, and shrinkage.

In a hot pagoda, when heated, the building expands and lengthens, but in winter, when it cools, it contracts, these temperature strains lead to cracks.

Temperature joints divide the above-ground structure of the building vertically into separate parts, which ensures independent horizontal movement of individual parts of the building. In the foundations and other underground elements of the building, temperature seams are not satisfied, since they are in the ground and are not subject to significant changes in air temperature.

The device of expansion joints in the outer walls of buildings:

A, B - with dry and normal operating conditions; B, G - with wet and wet modes;

1 - insulation; 2 - plaster; 3 - flashing; 4 - compensator; 5 - antiseptic wooden slats 60x60 mm; 6 - insulation; 7 - vertical joints filled with cement mortar.

The distance between the expansion joints is determined depending on the material of the walls and temperature indicators of the construction area.

The temperature seams of the external walls must be water- and air-tight and non-freezing, for which they must have a heater and reliable sealing in the form of elastic and durable sealants made of easily compressible and non-crushable materials (for buildings with dry and normal operating conditions), metal or plastic expansion joints made of corrosion-resistant materials (for buildings with wet and wet modes).

Sedimentary expansion joint

Sedimentary seams are taken into account in cases where different and uneven subsidence of adjacent structural elements is assumed. Separate adjacent parts of the building can be different in number of storeys and length. In this case, the higher part of the building, which will be heavier, will put more pressure on the ground than the lower part. Such uneven soil deformation can lead to cracks in the walls and in the foundation of the building.

Sedimentary joints divide vertically all the building structures, including its underground part - the foundation.

Schemes for the installation of expansion joints in buildings:

A - sedimentary; B - temperature sedimentary:

1 - expansion joint; 2 - underground part (foundation) of the building; 3 - aerial part of the building;

If in one building it is necessary to use expansion joints of different types, they are possibly combined in the form of so-called temperature-sedimentary joints.

Antiseismic expansion joint

Antiseismic seams are arranged in buildings under construction in earthquake-prone areas. They divide the entire building into compartments, which in the construction are independent stable volumes. Double walls or double rows of support columns are arranged along the lines of anti-seismic seams, which are the basis of the supporting structure of each individual compartment and ensure their independent settlement.

The layout of seismic belts in buildings with stone walls and the design of antiseismic belts of the outer wall:

A - facade; B - section along the wall; B is a plan of the outer wall; G, D - the inner part; E - detail of the plan of the antiseismic belt of the outer wall;

1 - anti-seismic belt; 2 - reinforced concrete core in the piers; 3 - wall; 4 - overlapping panels; 5 - reinforcing cage in the seams between the floor panels;

Shrink expansion joint

Shrink expansion joints are made in monolithic concrete frames, since concrete during hardening decreases in volume due to evaporation of water. Shrinkage joints prevent the occurrence of cracks that violate the bearing capacity of a monolithic concrete frame. After hardening is over, the remaining shrinkage expansion joint is completely closed.

In brick walls, expansion joints are made into a quarter or a groove. In small-block walls, the adjacency of adjacent sections is carried out end-to-end and is additionally protected from blowing by steel expansion joints.

Expansion joints in brick walls:

A - in a brick wall, abutment in a tongue; B - in a brick wall, adjoining at a quarter; B - with a compensator made of roofing steel in a small block wall;

1, 2 - gasket; 3 - steel compensator; 4 - blocks;

Problem:

Very often, customers have the question of initializing the type of seam in the building structure through which water flows. Indeed, this issue is very serious and requires some building knowledge.

I propose to consider in more detail the deformation sedimentary and temperature ("cold") joints and to understand what the difference between them is.

What is an expansion joint?

Deformation seam - designed to reduce loads on structural elements in places of possible deformations arising from fluctuations in air temperature, seismic phenomena, uneven subsidence of the soil and other influences that can cause dangerous intrinsic loads that reduce the bearing capacity of structures. It is a kind of section in the building structure, dividing the structure into separate blocks and, thereby, giving the structure a certain degree of elasticity. For the purpose of sealing it is filled with elastic insulating material.

Depending on the purpose, the following expansion joints are used: temperature, sedimentary, anti-seismic and shrink.

What is a temperature “cold” seam?

The cold seam of concreting is the weakest point of the concrete structure, which is formed as a result of technological features of the production of monolithic works. That is, during the construction of a building, a monolithic foundation slab is first poured, and then walls are laid on it. In the same way, monolithic ceilings are supported on the finished walls. We consider seams from the point of view of probable leaks and here it is necessary to mention that there are many technologies for waterproofing such seams.

What is the danger of leakage of seams?

Leaks of expansion joints are not dangerous - there are no important structural elements in such joints, but leaks of “cold” joints are of concern, since they contain supporting reinforcement that corrodes. Decreasing the diameter of the reinforcement by tenths of a millimeter very seriously affects the bearing capacity. Therefore, “cold” concreting joints require repair and reinforcement through injection work.

How to fix leaks?

Practice shows that at the construction stage, work on the sealing of the seams is either not performed (not counting the laid foam) or performed extremely poorly! Already at the stage of preparing the object for commissioning, widespread leakage of seams is manifested, which will not allow to hand over the construction object to the State. commissions!

In such situations, the most EFFECTIVE, FAST, and CHEAPEST method is INJECTION WATERPROOFING from SK LLC Vertical

Can injectable waterproofing be done on my own?

It is possible, but under one condition that you already have extensive experience working with polymer compositions. It is also necessary to take into account the very complex and often very long stage of preparatory work, where you have to apply the most non-standard technical solutions, which. Another feature is the ability to work with a vacuum pump, since the thing is extremely expensive and requires periodic complex maintenance, up to its complete disassembly and assembly.

Based on all of the above, it remains to be concluded that it is most convenient and cheapest for Zakachik to contact a specialized company for injection waterproofing, such as Vertical.

!   The most effective solution to the problem of leakage of expansion joints is injection waterproofing!

The main advantage of injection waterproofing is guaranteed positive result, which can be observed already in the first minutes after completion of work on injection waterproofing.

BASIC ADVANTAGES OF INJECTION WATERPROOFING OF SEAMS:

High speed of work - a team of 4 specialists per shift can waterproof up to 10 m. expansion joint

There is no need for preparatory work, which requires coordination with government agencies or the owners of neighboring buildings - all work is carried out from the premises (from the basement)

Low cost of a complex of works, since there is no expensive preparation stage

There is no seasonal factor, since work can be performed by local heating of the structure

Stages of work:

1. The main stages of work - SEAL OF AN EXTENSION SEAM

1) Visual inspection, local opening of the seam, verification and clarification of technical solutions

2) Clearing the expansion joint

3) Placing the Vilaterm cord in the design position

4) Installation of injection packers - MC-Injekt

5) Preparation for injection gel   MC-Injekt GL95 TX

6) Supply of injection gel MC-Injekt GL95 TX with a two-component pneumatic pump (for example, MC-I 700)

2. The main stages of work - SEALING OF "COLD" SEAM

1) Visual inspection, local local opening of the seam, verification and clarification of technical solutions

2) Sealing the expansion joint

3) Installation of injection packers - MC-Injekt

5) Preparation for the work of injection material - MC-Injekt 2300, MC-Injekt 2300Top or MC-Injekt2700 *

6) Supply of injection material with a pneumatic pump (for example, MC-I 510 or MC-I 700)

7) Quality control of work performed

* The type of material used is determined depending on the type of seam leakage.

Important! Performance of work on injection waterproofing requires a lot of experience in this area and does not forgive mistakes, since the cost of equipment and injection materials is quite high.