Centers of origin of cultivated plants table. Centers of diversity and origin of cultivated plants. The creative role of artificial selection
A huge amount of plant material was collected on four continents of the globe N.I. Vavilov and his employees.
Under his leadership and according to his proposed program, this material was studied for a long time. The studies confirmed the assumptions of N.I. Vavilov about the existence of five independent centers of morphogenesis of cultivated plants - about five centers of their origin. And in 1926, the scientist first published his capital work, "Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants."
Then, in 1935, after a more detailed and lengthy study of the varietal wealth of the globe in laboratories, on experimental plots of VIR and its network, N. I. Vavilov in his work “Botanical and geographical foundations of selection” significantly expanded the previous concept of centers of origin of cultivated plants.
This work sets forth the original doctrine of the geographical distribution of varietal plant wealth of the globe as the basis on which practical selection should be based. N. I. Vavilov for the first time tried to establish the areas of origin and the geographical location of the main potentials (possibilities) of the most important agricultural crops: cereals, industrial, vegetable, fruit and subtropical plants.
Foci of formation, or geographical centers of origin, of cultivated plants were established using the differential botanical and geographical method, which consists in the following:
“In the strict differentiation of the studied plant into Linnean species and genetic groups using morphological-systematic, hybridological, cytological and immunological analyzes.
In establishing the range of these species, if possible, in the earlier distant time, when communications were more difficult than at present.
In a detailed definition of the composition of botanical varieties and races of each species or the general system of hereditary variation within individual species.
In clarifying the distribution of the hereditary diversity of forms of this species by region and country; in establishing geographical centers of accumulation of the main diversity. ”
Differentiation is dismemberment. Genetic groups are related in origin. Morphological and systematic analysis - the study of a plant taking into account the forms and structure of plants and their distribution into groups according to similarity and difference. Hybridology - the study of hybrid crossbreeds. Cytology is the science of the structure and vital manifestations of plant cells. Immunological analysis - the attitude of plants to infectious diseases. Range - area of \u200b\u200bdistribution.
NI Vavilov distinguished secondary foci from primary primary foci of formation. So, sometimes the modern accumulation of varietal diversity is the result of the convergence of species or their interbreeding. For example, an extremely large number of wheat species have been found in Spain. However, the number of varieties and races within individual species is very small compared with their diversity in the actual centers of morphogenesis of these species. The diversity of wheat species in Spain is explained by their attraction from other foci.
The systematic study of the world plant resources of the most important cultivated plants radically changed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe variety and species composition of even seemingly well-studied crops such as wheat, potatoes, corn, legumes, flax and rye. In general, almost half of the new species and many varieties of these cultivated plants have been discovered. The discovery of new species and varieties of potatoes literally revolutionized previous ideas about its original breeding material.
Three quarters of the new botanical species and half of the new species are found in wheat. An exceptional variety of varieties of wheat and barley was discovered in Ethiopia. A very large number of new varieties and cultures were found in Afghanistan, Turkey, and Northwest India. A significant number of cultivated plant species did not go beyond their primary primary ancient foci. Dozens and hundreds of species of cultivated plants have been cultivated for thousands of years where they were introduced into the culture.
In Central and South America, the primary areas of speciation were "extremely narrowly localized" (limited to a specific location). The most interesting areas of primary formation and speciation of wheat, rye and especially fruit plants are the Soviet Transcaucasia and the adjacent areas of North-West Iran and North-East Turkey. Here, one could still trace the process of speciation of different plants.
Even for such ancient plants as wheat, barley, corn, cotton, which have long settled in all continents, it was possible to establish with great accuracy the main areas of the primary species potential.
The coincidence of the areas of primary morphogenesis for many species and even genera is established. In some cases, we can talk about the same habitats for dozens of species. Geographical study has led to the establishment of entire cultural independent flora specific to particular areas.
Summing up the study of plant material collected by expeditions covering up to 60 countries, as well as the entire Soviet Union, N.I. Vavilov in 1935 already outlined eight main ancient centers of world agriculture, more precisely, eight independent areas for introducing various plants into the culture. These foci are as follows.
I. Chinese hearth The origin of cultivated plants is the mountainous Central and Western China with the lowlands adjacent to it. This outbreak is characterized by an exceptionally large number of cultivated plants (temperate, subtropical and partly tropical) - 136 different cultures are representatives of this outbreak.
The most important endemic zones of its temperate zone: millet (three species), buckwheat, soybeans, legumes (several species), of oilseeds - suza, tung tree, radish. An exceptionally large number of species of water plants specific to China. Many citrus fruits originate from China.
In general, the cultural flora of China is extremely original and differs sharply from other primary centers of agriculture. By the wealth of endemic species, by the size of the species and generic potential of cultivated plants, China is particularly distinguished from other foci.
Potency is an opportunity; that which exists in hidden form and can manifest itself under certain conditions.
The types of cultural flora of China are represented by a huge number of botanical varieties: the variety of soybeans, persimmons, adzuki beans, citrus fruits is determined by thousands of easily distinguishable forms.
II. Indian hearth origin of cultivated plants (includes Assam and Burma) - the birthplace of rice, sugar cane, a large number of legumes, many tropical fruit plants (mangoes) and many citrus fruits - lemons, oranges, and some types of mandarin. Assam stands out for its citrus richness.
There are wild types of rice; ordinary rice in the wild and in the form of weed, as well as intermediate forms between wild and cultivated rice. The varied composition of cultural rice in India is the richest in the world and is characterized mainly by the presence of dominant features. In total, 117 different cultures were found in this outbreak.
IIa. Indo-Malay hearth origin of cultivated plants - the Malay archipelago (Java, Sumatra, Borneo), the Philippines and Indochina. This focus is almost entirely located in the tropical zone, little studied, extremely rich in wild flora, almost unexplored.
Here is concentrated the wealth of forms of fruit crops - bananas, some citrus fruits; palms areca and herring, coconut palm (like an oil plant); sugar plants - sugarcane (one of the foci), sugar palm. Of the spicy - cardamom, cloves, nutmeg. Only 55 plants.
III. Central Asian outbreak origin of cultivated plants - North-West India (now Pakistan), all of Afghanistan, the Tajik and Uzbek SSRs and the Western Tien Shan. This outbreak is significantly inferior to the first two in the number of species, but it is very important for Soviet breeding. Here is the birthplace of the main bread of the earth - soft wheat, the enormous potential of its varietal diversity, the birthplace of dwarf and round-grain wheat, the most important leguminous crops - peas, lentils, ranks, chickpeas, horse beans.
Here cotton - goose was introduced into the culture, from which many oil plants originate. This is one of the centers of flax, sesame, coriander, safflower, the main center of carrots of Asian forms, a secondary center for melons, one of the centers of pistachios, apricots and almonds with a wide variety of its forms.
There are only 42 plant species, but they are distinguished by their exceptional intraspecific diversity, especially in the most important crop - soft and dwarf wheat.
IV. Central Asian hearth The origin of cultivated plants is Inner Asia Minor, all of Transcaucasia, Persia (now Iran) and Mountain Turkmenistan (Soviet). This focus is remarkable for the exceptional richness of cultivated wheat species: nine botanical wheat species are endemic to the regions of Asia Minor. Within the Soviet Union, in Armenia there are more than 200 varieties of wheat out of a total of 650 of them. In Armenia, a great variety of wheat forms have been found - single-rooted and double-roasted.
Transcaucasia and Asia Minor are the main homeland of rye, which is represented here by a wide variety of forms, in contrast to the exclusively uniform rye of Europe. Here, new species of wild rye were found.
Front Asia is the birthplace of grapes, pears, cherry plums, cherries, pomegranates, walnuts, quinces, almonds and figs. The first gardens were created here. In Georgia and Armenia, and now you can observe all the evolutionary phases of fruit growing: from forests consisting of wild fruit trees to modern gardening.
The entire main assortment of grape varieties was borrowed by Europeans from Asia Minor, where grapes were found in the wild, quite suitable for culture.
From Turkey, Persia (Iran) and our Central Asia comes all the world wealth of melon varieties. Many forage herbs: alfalfa, Persian clover (sabdar), some sainfoin, fenugreek, sowing vetch and others originate from Asia Minor.
V. Mediterranean hearth The origin of cultivated plants includes all countries of the coast and islands of the Mediterranean Sea. In this focus, first of all, one can trace the great role of man in the selection of various plant forms for culture. Plants cultivated in these countries have gradually acquired the most cultivated economic characteristics.
Most of the cultivated plants of this outbreak - flax, barley, beans, chickpeas - are characterized by coarse-grained, large-fruited, while in their present homeland (Central Asia) they are represented by fine-grained forms.
It is interesting that here every great civilization introduced its fodder plant into its culture: Egypt (now the United Arab Republic) and Syria - Alexandrian clover, on the Apennine peninsula introduced sulla and creeping giant clover, on the Iberian Peninsula - monochromatic lentils. A rank came from Syria, from Portugal - Ulex.
Many of the important cultivated plants (wheat, legumes) are very diverse in variety and species composition, which indicates a secondary focus of their origin.
Here is the birthplace of olive, carob, a large number of vegetable crops, including beets, sandy oats and other plants. In total, there are 83 plant species in this outbreak.
VI. Abyssinian hearth origin of cultivated plants - Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia.
The number of plants native to Ethiopia is small. As already mentioned, during a visit to her by N.I. Vavilov in 1927, she practically did not know either vegetable or fruit plants. There basically was a kingdom of field crops with their exceptional varietal diversity.
Despite the limited cultivated area and the relatively uniform ecological conditions of Ethiopia, exceptional varietal wealth was discovered there.
The main areas for sowing cultivated plants in Ethiopia are concentrated in mountainous areas from 1,500 to 2,500 meters above sea level.
Ethiopia ranks first in the number of botanical varieties of wheat, while the genetic and physiological studies of these wheat have shown that they should be distinguished as special botanical species.
In Ethiopia, the center for the shaping of cultured barley, is nowhere else in such a diversity of its forms. Here is the birthplace of cereal - teffa, a peculiar form of flax cultivated for seeds, from which flour is obtained.
VII. South Mexican and Central American Center origin of cultivated plants (includes the Antilles). The main feature of this center of shaping is the sharp localization of the centers of agriculture. This center is limited to the southern regions of Mexico and the small territories (mountains) of Guatemala and Honduras, where the main wealth of cultivated plants of the New World is concentrated.
Here is the birthplace of corn, which has the same meaning in the New World as wheat in the Old World; without it, Maya civilization could not have arisen; homeland; The closest relative of corn is the wild species Theosinte, the main American species of beans, pumpkins, peppers, and tropical fruit plants. From here came the culture of cocoa, sweet potato, Mexican tomato.
The best varieties of American cotton come from Southern Mexico - the Uplands, on which world cotton growing is based.
Endemic cultures are concentrated in the limited territories of South Mexico and Central America, while in the vast expanses of North America, both in the past and now, agriculture is based on borrowed cultures.
Viii. South American (Peruvian-Ecuador-Bolivian) Center origin of cultivated plants. Here, Soviet expeditions discovered huge and completely untouched clusters of cultivated plants.
Dozens of new cultivated and close to them wild species of potato have been discovered that have been used by Indian tribes since ancient times.
The highlands of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador store original endemics, ranging from potatoes and horse-tuberous plants - oka, anyu, uljuko, characteristic only of this part of the globe. Of the cereals, Bolivian lupins and two species of quinoa (quinoa and kanyaua) were found here.
In these limited territories, 45 species of various plants have been collected, and the crop culture here is non-irrigated and concentrated in the mountain plains, in the so-called pune.
VIIIa. Chiloan hearth - a small area of \u200b\u200bthe island of Chiloe, located off the coast of southern Chile, is somewhat different from the VIII outbreak. From here, Europeans first borrowed ordinary potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), characterized by 48 chromosomes. It turned out to be suitable for the conditions of Europe, it adapts well to a long day. Most of the forms of potato that are of great interest for breeding from Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador require a short day for normal development in the usual conditions of Europe, where long daylight hours do not form tubers.
VIIIb. Brazilian-Paraguayan outbreak. Huge Brazil is filled with rich wild flora - up to 40,000 species, but so far has given the world a very small number of cultivated plants. The most important of them are pineapple, peanut and cassava. These plants grow in semi-arid, dry areas. The rubber tree, whose homeland is the Amazon River Valley, is there in the wild; it was introduced into the culture by the Dutch and British in South Asia.
In the pre-Columbian period, the American Indian tribes of North America cultivated sunflower and an earthen pear (Jerusalem artichoke) in the United States, where they are still found in the wild.
All eight main foci of the species and varietal potential of the most important plants on earth are strictly localized, separated by deserts or mountain ranges that separate them.
The Chinese hearth is separated from the Central Asian huge desert and mountain semi-deserts of Central Asia. The Near-Asian center is separated from the Central Asian Bakvian (Afghanistan) and Seistan (Iran) deserts. The Central Asian hearth from India proper is separated by the Thar desert. Deserts from the south and east adjoin the Mediterranean hearth. Ethiopia is surrounded by a "beru". The Atacama Desert adjoins the mountainous regions of Peru and Bolivia from the west. To the north of the Mexican hearth is a desert highland.
The geography of these centers itself has its own peculiarities - “the presence of insulators that contributed to the autonomous development of flora, human settlements, and in their interaction independent agricultural crops arose. For primitive peoples, these deserts were a huge obstacle, separating them from each other for a long time. "
Based on the results of a detailed and lengthy study of varietal wealth collected (about 250,000 samples of seeds and planting material were collected during the life of N.I. Vavilov), expeditions of N.I. Vavilov and his employees, as well as obtained in other ways, compiled differential maps geographical localization of varieties of wheat, oats, barley, rye, corn, millet, flax, peas, lentils, beans, beans, chickpeas, ranks, potatoes, carrots and other root crops, tomatoes. On these maps you can see where the main varietal variety of these plants is concentrated.
In the chapter “World Foci (Centers of Origin) of the Most Important Cultivated Plants,” N. I. Vavilov lists 640 of the most important cultivated plants of the earth, of which five-sixth of the total number known in the world fall to the countries of the Old World. The New World has given humanity about 100 plant species.
Within the Old World, the bulk of cultivated plants originated in mountain and tropical Asia - more than 400 plants.
All this shows a complex picture of the distribution of varietal potential on the globe, different from that presented, for example, by the famous botanists Alfons de Candoll or Laubach about the birthplace of wheat.
The study of world plant resources made it possible to completely master the source material for breeding in the Soviet Union and completely re-pose the problem of source material for breeding.
In search of new forms of cultivated plants, Nikolai Ivanovich also turned to weeds, which, displacing the main primary crops, gradually turned into cultivated plants, for example, rye, oats, saffron milk cap, colza, several types of South American potatoes.
Thus, to search for new useful signs of oats, the breeder can turn, for example, to the centers of the ancient spelled culture, as this culture is clogged with oats and stores a large and original variety of signs of cultural oats.
When studying the geographical distribution of species and varietal composition in primary foci and the spread of plants from these foci, certain patterns were found that facilitate the search for the necessary plant material.
The regularities discovered by N.I. Vavilov indicate that the primary foci of the morphogenesis of cultivated plants differ not only in a large number of forms and races, but also in the presence of predominantly dominant traits in plants. As the cultural species move from the centers of morphogenesis to the periphery, recessive signs begin to prevail in them. The most interesting recessive traits from practical point of view have been found in mountain isolators.
In China, the global diversity of barley barley, barley millet, and coarse bare oats is concentrated. Recessive forms of waxy corn, asparagus beans, and asparagus lobia have also been isolated here. Peculiar liguli-free forms of rye, soft and dwarf wheat were found in the Pamirs, in the mountain isolators of Badakhshan in Afghanistan and in the Shugnan region of our mountainous Tajikistan; hard ligulum-free wheat - on the island of Cyprus; coarse-grained and coarse-grained plants of the Mediterranean countries differ. Plants with signs of early maturity, drought tolerance and many others are located in a certain geographical correctness.
So, in each region of the globe there is a certain set of cultivated plants and their forms with certain morphological, environmental and other characteristics.
As a result of the systematic collection of world collections of cultivated plants and their differentiated botanical and geographical studies, N. I. Vavilov discovered a new world of cultivated plants with all its diversity, created a new direction in the science of cultivated plants; developed the doctrine of the source material for Soviet selection and the basis of plant introduction for our country.
Introduction - literally means introduction (in agriculture - new plants, varieties from other countries), but N. I. Vavilov gives the “introduction of new crops” a more complex concept.
When studying the same material, a differential intraspecific taxonomy of cultivated plants arose, as a result of which N. I. Vavilov’s doctrine “Linnaeus species as a system” appeared. All this made it possible to undertake the publication of a large collective work, "Cultural Flora of the USSR." During the life of Nikolai Ivanovich, seven volumes of these works were published.
“Cultural flora” encompassed the species and varietal diversity of all plants throughout the globe, which are of practical importance in the crop production of our country. The very possibility of compiling and publishing such a work on the basis of a huge world variety that was first discovered and studied according to a certain plan shows the unprecedented height of N.I. Vavilov's science of cultivated plants in our country.
The practical significance for our country of the collection and study of “world plant resources” is evidenced by a large number of facts. For example, in the twenties of the current century, world potato growing suffered greatly from fungal and viral diseases of plants of a single and poorly studied cultivated potato species. However, from the varietal wealth of cultivated and wild potatoes collected by Soviet botanists in South America, forms and races were selected, which are distinguished by exceptional cold resistance, resistance to late blight and other diseases. Already during the life of N.I. Vavilov, Soviet botanists established 18 species of cultivated and wild potatoes.
The invaluable merit of N. I. Vavilov lies precisely in the fact that, attaching importance to the study of potatoes in his homeland - in South America, he organized (in 1926-1932) a series of expeditions (S. M. Bukasov, S. V. Yuzepchuk and N.I. Vavilov himself), who collected and discovered many new types of cultivated and wild potatoes. This made it possible to mobilize exceptional source material for its selection. The problem, which no breeder could dream of either in Europe or in America - the cultivation of cold-resistant, late blight-resistant and starchy varieties of potatoes - became feasible not only in the USSR, but in all countries of the world.
In addition, the discovery of new species refuted the traditional idea of \u200b\u200bthe species unity of cultivated potatoes.
No less important for domestic selection is the world collection of VIR wheat, most of which was collected by N. I. Vavilov himself. Most of the recently dintered new varieties of winter durum wheat were obtained by hybridization or individual selection from samples of the VIR collection of the Abyssinian group, which is characterized by early maturity, or the Syrian-Palestinian group (horanicum Vav.), Characterized by precocity, heat demanding, low durable straw and grain shape, close to rounded (ideal).
With the involvement of samples of these wheat groups, the Khoranka 46 variety was bred at the Tajik Institute of Agriculture and three varieties at the Azerbaijan Institute of Agriculture: Khoranka, Ag-Bugda 13 and Shark. Durum wheat of the villosum Jakub. Group brought by N.I. Vavilov from Palestine served as the basis for the new Ukrainian winter wheat variety - Kievskaya.
Of great interest is also the group of wheat (ewropaea Vav.) Harvested in North Africa and Southern Europe and characterized by spike productivity, grain size and straw strength. Samples of Algerian, Tunisian wheat and others from this group served as a good starting material for breeders of the Krasnodar Territory, Volga Region, and medium-Chernozem regions.
An interesting group of wheat (caspicum Vav.), Wintering in Dagestan and Transcaucasia, studied in detail by N. I. Vavilov, is no less interesting. Derbent black-eared and Tajik black-spike were derived from them.
Very valuable groups of soft wheat collected by a scientist in Argentina are represented mainly by hybrid forms (obtained mainly by
odaleynoy hybridization). Wheat plants of these groups are weakly affected by brown rust, do not lie down and do not crumble. They also served as the starting material for the creation of many new varieties of soft wheat for different zones of the USSR (Azerbaijan 1, Azerbaijan 2, Ossetian 3, Yubileynaya Ossetia, Skorospelaya 3, Bezostaya 4 - strong).
Strong wheat contain a high percentage of protein and have good baking qualities.
The wheat of Afghanistan, Sweden, Germany, England, Poland, Canada, the United States also served as the starting material for the creation of new breeding varieties in the USSR.
On the materials collected by the expeditions of N.I. Vavilov in Soviet times, the entire selection of cotton was based. The culture of wet subtropics was built on the assortment brought either by the expeditions of N.I. Vavilov, or by experts sent by the corresponding Soviet organizations according to his plan.
VIR during the last ten years of life of N.I. Vavilov annually sent hundreds of thousands of samples of seeds and planting material of different cultures to breeding and plant growing stations. This material served to develop many valuable varieties of cultivated plants, now introduced into production.
During the life of Nikolai Ivanovich, about 350 varieties of grain, industrial, fodder, vegetable, bean and fruit crops were bred on the basis of the VIR world collection, in addition to what the breeders of the VIR itself gave.
Three quarters of the varieties of cultivated plants that became known to the whole world by the end of N. I. Vavilov’s life were discovered by Soviet botanists.
So, the task of mobilizing the plant capital of the globe, which had arisen before N.I. Vavilov at the dawn of Soviet power, was basically solved in ten to twelve years. Back in 1923 in Petrograd, on his return from his first trip to the United States, where a scientist studied the experience of the Washington Bureau of Plant Industry, he said that the path for updating the fields of Soviet Russia is the same as that of the Americans, but it must be walked differently.
And this path has been traveled. “The expeditions of the Institute of Plant Production were guided by a specific plan and a rigorously developed theory. They proved that the theory, if true, really yields amazing results. The expensive expeditions sent by Washington passed by what the Soviet expeditions armed with a strong theory found, ”wrote N. I. Vavilov at the end of 1933, when the main expeditions planned by him were completed.
The effect of the finds of Soviet expeditions to Central and South America was so great that special expeditions from Washington, Sweden and Germany were sent in their wake. The scale of work in this direction carried out in Germany at that time can be judged even by the fact that Professor Baur showed 100,000 seedlings of various forms of potato to N.I. Vavilov in the autumn of 1932.
Botanists from the Washington Plant Industry Bureau then realized that they were facing a serious rival, that in a hurry to master the resources of the globe, they first rushed to the famous botanical gardens and passed the "Babylonian mountain centers of Asia and Africa" \u200b\u200band did not even visit Afghanistan, and Ethiopia remained almost untouched by the research of Dr. Harlan, who, after the expedition of N.I. Vavilov, was sent there a second time.
They also realized that the practical significance of the theories of the Soviet scientist is enormous. It is not even a matter of “guessing” about the foci (centers) of concentration of varietal riches of cultivated plants, but also of studying the cultivated plants themselves. It took NI Vavilov ten years to study the racial composition of soft wheat in order to divide this species into 66 characters. And only after that he was able to outline on the world map the alleged center of the formation of soft wheat.
What should be the work of a taxonomy, anatomist, geographer, genetics, physiologist to determine the centers of morphogenesis of even the most important cultures? It seemed to Washington botanists that this was just a fantasy. And they asked themselves if they had worked too fussy for thirty years.
Most of all the botanists from the Washington Bureau were struck by the fact that some of the Babylonian centers of origin of cultivated plants are located in the New World and are located where the Mayan, Aztec, Inca and Chibcha cultures flourished, where the Washington botanists did not even drop in.
When N.I. Vavilov set about collecting and studying world collections of cultivated plants, he said that Soviet botanists were not on their way with Washington.
He connected this with the fact that the young Soviet state is building its life on socialist principles. And the time will quickly come when our agricultural production, then based on millions of the smallest peasant farms, will be reorganized on new socialist principles. And science will need tremendous efforts to quickly solve this problem. In particular, the institutes headed by N. I. Vavilov will have to supply the country with new crops, new varieties, and answer questions regarding the specialization of agriculture.
And it should be noted that N. I. Vavilov, together with a team of employees, were sufficiently prepared for this. The enormous varietal wealth of the most important crops was provided in advance to Soviet breeding stations as source material for selection.
N. I. Vavilov posed many new problems: the overthrow of agriculture, the development of deserts, mountainous and arid regions; the problem of new cultures and much more. To solve these problems, knowledge of cultivated plants was required, introduction material was required.
Thanks to the mastery of the world plant capital and a detailed study of the crop production of our country (variety testing and geographical sowing), the staff of the Institute of Plant Production under the direction of N. And Vavilov was able to cope with the task of the USSR People’s Agriculture Commissariat for the compilation of the USSR Plant Production work in accordance with the decision of the 16th Congress of the CPSU (B) .
This work of sixty printed pages with numerous cards was issued in an exceptionally short time (December 15, 1932). About 100 specialist scientists participated in its drafting: plant breeders, breeders, botanists, climatologists, and soil scientists. The book summarizes our knowledge of the time about the cultural flora of the Soviet fields and gives the first draft of the rational distribution of crops and varieties on the vast territory of the Soviet country, in accordance with the socialist reconstruction and specialization of agriculture.
Only our Socialist state for the first time in the world in a planned manner, on a scientific basis, drafted a rational distribution of crops and varieties and practically implemented it. The scientific basis of this project was contained in the "Plant growing of the USSR."
In conclusion, it is necessary to answer that the foundation for varietal diversity of cultivated plants created in the life of N.I. Vavilov in the VIR is still preserved. They continue to study and replenish it. The botanists of our country and many foreign, especially socialist, countries, using the theory of N. I. Vavilov, continue to develop the work that he began of studying the cultural and wild useful flora of the globe.
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Teachings of N. I. Vavilov on the centers of diversity and origin of cultivated plants ”The purpose of the lesson:
introduce students to the concept of "variety", "selection";
introduce centers of origin of cultivated plants
Tasks:
- to study the centers of origin of cultivated plants discovered by N.I. Vavilov.
- to form the ability to highlight the main thing, to compare, to formulate conclusions.
- patriotic education on the example of the works of N.I. Vavilov.
Equipment and materials: Portrait of N. I. Vavilov. Map of the centers of origin of cultivated plants. Pictures for intelligence cars (varieties of cabbage, drawings of potatoes, sunflowers, tea, tomato, watermelon, varieties of apples, etc.).
Lesson plan:
1. The emergence of cultivated plants.
2. Grade. Properties and characteristics of the variety.
3. Plant breeding.
4. N.I. Vavilov - Soviet biologist, academician, who opened the centers of origin of cultivated plants.
During the classes:
1. Introducing students to the lesson.
The teacher’s story about the appearance of cultivated plants, about the ability to get new varieties of plants.
2. Work on the textbook with the assignment: find the concept of variety and write it in a notebook. Students record a definition of concepts:
grade - This is a homogeneous group of plants having certain characteristics and properties. Symptoms: crown size, fetus, fetal shape. Properties: productivity, winter hardiness, resistance to diseases and pests.
Conversation is held on the following issues:
How do apples of these varieties differ in appearance?
What varieties of apples are you still aware of?
Is the shape, color, taste of the fruit signs or varieties of the variety?
Various varieties of tulips are also shown, the names of which students write in a notebook.
One of the students shows a presentation on the biography of N.I. Vavilov, notes his love of nature from an early age, passion for plants. Vavilov’s merit in the world of biology is great. It was he who, as a result of travels, opened the centers of origin of cultivated plants. Life N.I. Vavilova ended up in the dungeons of a Stalinist prison. But even now, the memory of this wonderful person is alive in the hearts of people.
3. Work with the textbook. Table filling
Table. Centers of origin of cultivated plants (according to N.I. Vavilov)
Soy, millet, buckwheat, plum, cherry, radish, mulberry, kaolin, hemp, persimmon, Chinese apples, opium poppy, rhubarb, cinnamon, olive, etc.(20% of cultivated plants)
South West Asian
Asia Minor, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Southwest India
Soft wheat, rye, flax, hemp, turnip, carrots, garlic, grapes, apricot, pear, peas, beans, melon, barley, oats, sweet cherries, spinach, basil, walnuts, etc. (14% of cultivated plants)
Mediterranean
Countries along the shores of the Mediterranean
Cabbage, sugar beets, olive (olive), clover, lentils, lupine, onions, mustard, rutabaga, asparagus, celery, dill, sorrel, caraway seeds, etc.(11% of cultivated plants)
Abyssinian
Ethiopian Highlands of Africa
Durum wheat, barley, coffee tree, grain sorghum, bananas, chickpeas, watermelon, castor oil plant, etc.
Central American
South mexico
Corn, long-fiber cotton, cocoa, pumpkin, tobacco, beans, red pepper, sunflower, sweet potato, etc.
South American
South America along the west coast
Potatoes, pineapple, quinine tree, cassava, tomatoes, peanuts, cocaine bush, garden strawberries, etc.
4. Fastening
The class is divided into groups. Each group makes up intelligence \u003d map.
The task .
1.Sign on the contour map continents and oceans.
2. Show the boundaries of the main origin of cultivated plants (according to N.I. Vavilov).
3. Sign the plants whose origin these centers are. For clarity, stick pictures of these plants.
4.Select the symbols.
Interesting Facts
The oldest plant is wheat.
The introduction of potatoes into the culture in Russia was accompanied by “potato riots,” because the peasants, eating potatoes rather than tubers, often died because the potato fruit, a berry, contains a large amount of the corned beef poisonous substance.
5.Homework: P.43
GOOD LUCK!
The pattern you must strive for
Remember from the textbooks “Plants. Bacteria. Mushrooms and lichens ”and“ Animals ”, for which purpose a person grows cultivated plants and breeds domestic animals. What is the main driving force and material for creating new cultivars of plants and breeds of domestic animals by humans?
For a long time, man for his needs conducted fishing for various animals and collected plants. With the increase in the population of the Earth and the expansion of its sedentary nature, nature was no longer able to satisfy the needs of people in food, clothing and other resources. The man faced the need for purposeful growing plants and breeding the animals he needed. The gradual accumulation of information about these ancient occupations of mankind led to the design of selection (from the Latin. Selection - selection, selection) - the science of methods for breeding plant varieties and animal breeds with the characteristics that a person needs.
The origin of cultural forms of organisms. The first stage of selection was the cultivation of wild plants and the domestication of wild animals. It began about 30-20 thousand years ago with the random, apparently, cultivation by our distant ancestors of wild plants that grew in the vicinity of their dwellings.
The vast majority of human-cultivated plants were originally cultivated in areas characterized by rich flora and developed agriculture. They coincided with the centers of the most ancient civilizations of China, India, Mesopotamia, Iran, Greece, Rome, Egypt and Central America (Fig. 172).
Fig. 172. Centers of origin of certain cultivated plants and domestic animals
A great contribution to the study of the origin of cultivated plants was made by the domestic scientist Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (Fig. 171). As a result of organized expeditions around the world, Vavilov and his staff managed to collect a collection of seeds of cultivated plants.
Fig. 171. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1887 - 1943)
Fig. 173. House apple-tree
After analyzing this material, he came to the conclusion that the region of the greatest genetic, and therefore varietal diversity of a particular type of cultivated plant is its center of origin.
The centers of origin of domestic animals, as well as the centers of origin of cultivated plants, coincide with the centers of ancient civilizations. These areas are mainly determined by the habitats of wild ancestors of domestic animals (Fig. 172).
Variety and breed. Breeders work with plant varieties and animal breeds. A variety is a group of cultivated plants of one species created as a result of selection, for example, a home apple tree (Fig. 173), which possess inherited economically valuable traits.
Varieties of cultivated plants are divided into local and breeding. Local varieties are obtained as a result of prolonged natural and artificial selection in the process of growing a particular crop. Breeding varieties (Fig. 174) are created in research institutions using methods of genetics and selection.
Fig. 174. Varieties of apple trees
A breed is a group of farm animals of the same species created as a result of breeding, for example, chicken, sheep, pig, which possess inherited economically valuable traits.
Distinguish between primitive and factory breeds of domestic animals. Primitive breeds are well adapted to local conditions, are hardy and have low, but stable qualities. Factory breeds are bred in special breeding farms. They possess especially valuable qualities, high productivity and are used to obtain elite animals (Fig. 175).
Fig. 175. Horse breeds
So, the variety and breed are intraspecific groups artificially created by humans - populations of organisms that possess economically valuable inherited traits.
Features of cultural forms of organisms. Pets and cultivated plants differ sharply in a number of ways from their wild ancestors. First of all, the cultural forms of organisms have a significantly greater variety of hereditary variability than their parent species. Such diversity is the result of the creative role of artificial selection, carried out by a person to preserve individuals with traits of interest to him (Fig. 177).
Fig. 177. Illustration of the creative role of artificial selection: various varieties of roses are distinguished by color, shape and number of corolla petals; the ancestor of cultivated roses - the dogrose (in the center) has a pink color of the corolla and five petals
Fig. 176. Rooster breed Yokohama phoenix
Often the cultural forms of organisms have signs that are unnecessary and even harmful to them, but beneficial to humans. For example, roosters of the decorative breed Yokohama phoenix have tail feathers up to 11 m long. Such a sign would certainly prevent the bird from living in natural conditions, but as a necessary (decorative) person was fixed by artificial selection when breeding this breed (Fig. 176) .
Another difference between the cultural forms of organisms is that their productivity, as a rule, is higher than that of their wild species of organisms. For example, the egg production of White Leghorn chickens reaches 350 eggs per year, and their ancestors, the Banker hens, lay only 18-20 eggs per year (Fig. 178). This means that the selection of cultural forms of organisms leads to the creation of such plant varieties and animal breeds that possess the characteristics that a person needs and are most productive.
Fig. 178. White Leghorn egg-laying hens (left) and their ancestors - Banking hens (right)
Material Exercises
- Explain what selection is.
- What are the prerequisites for human cultivation of wild plants and domestication of wild animals?
- Tell us about the contribution of N.I. Vavilov in the study of the origin of cultivated plants.
- Why do the centers of origin of cultural forms of organisms coincide with the centers of the most ancient civilizations of mankind?
- What is a variety and breed?
- How are cultural forms of organisms different from their wild ancestors?
Using textbooks on the history of the Ancient World and a geographical map, find out which centers of origin of the most important cultivated plants and domestic animals coincide with the foci of which ancient civilizations.
Over its history, mankind has domesticated about 3,000 species of wild plants, turning them into cereals, legumes, fruit, technical and ornamental crops. The process of animal domestication was not so successful, a person domesticated only about 60 species of mammals, 12 species of birds and less than 10 species of fish and insects.
Plant breeding
Breeding is the science of creating new and improving existing animal breeds, plant varieties, and strains of microorganisms.
Selection is based on methods such as hybridization and selection. The theoretical basis of selection is genetics.
Breeds, varieties, strains - artificially created human populations of organisms with hereditarily fixed features: productivity, morphological, physiological characteristics.
The pioneer in developing the scientific foundations of breeding work was N. I. Vavilov and his students. N.I. Vavilov believed that the selection is based on the right choice for the work of the original individuals, their genetic diversity and the influence of the environment on the manifestation of hereditary characters in the hybridization of these individuals.
For successful work, the breeder needs varietal diversity of the source material, for this purpose N.I. Vavilov collected a collection of cultivated plant varieties and their wild ancestors from around the globe. By 1940, the All-Union Institute of Plant Production, there were 300 thousand samples.
In search of source material for obtaining new plant hybrids, N.I. Vavilov organized in the 20-30s. XX century Dozens of expeditions around the world. During these expeditions, N.I. Vavilov and his students collected more than 1,500 species of cultivated plants and a huge number of their varieties. Analyzing the collected material, N.I. Vavilov noted that in some areas there is a very large variety of varieties of certain types of cultivated plants, while in other areas there is no such variety.
Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants
N. I. Vavilov suggested that the region of greatest genetic diversity of any type of cultivated plant is the center of its origin and domestication. In total, N.I. Vavilov established 8 centers of ancient agriculture, where people first began to grow wild species of plants.
1. The Indian (South Asian) center includes the Hindustan Peninsula, South China, and Southeast Asia. This center is the birthplace of rice, citrus fruits, cucumbers, eggplant, sugarcane and many other types of cultivated plants.
2. The Chinese (East Asian) center includes Central and Eastern China, Korea, and Japan. In this center, millet, soy, buckwheat, radish, cherry, plum, and apple tree were cultivated by man.
3. The Southwest Asian Center covers the countries of Asia Minor, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, and Northwest India. This is the birthplace of soft varieties of wheat, rye, legumes (peas, beans), flax, hemp, garlic, grapes.
5. The Mediterranean center includes European, African and Asian countries located along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Here is the birthplace of cabbage, olives, parsley, sugar beets, clover.
6. The Abyssinian Center is located in a relatively small area of \u200b\u200bmodern Ethiopia and on the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. This center is the birthplace of durum wheat, sorghum, bananas, and coffee. Apparently, of all the centers of ancient agriculture, the Abyssinian center is the most ancient.
7. The Central American center is Mexico, the islands of the Caribbean and part of the countries of Central America. Here is the birthplace of corn, pumpkin, cotton, tobacco, red pepper.
8. The South American Center covers the west coast of South America. This is the birthplace of potato, pineapple, quinoe, tomatoes, beans.
All these centers coincide with the places of existence of the great civilizations of antiquity - Ancient Egypt, China, Japan, Ancient Greece, Rome, Mayan and Aztecs.
Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants
|
Centers of origin |
Location |
Cultivated plants |
|
1. South Asian Tropical 2. East Asian 3. Southwest Asian 4. Mediterranean 5. Abyssinian 6. Central American 7. South American |
Tropical India, Indochina, Southeast Asia Central and Eastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan Asia Minor, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Southwest India Countries along the shores of the Mediterranean Abyssinian highlands of Africa South mexico West coast of South America |
Rice , sugarcane, citrus fruits, eggplant, etc. (50% of cultivated plants) Soy, millet, buckwheat, fruit and vegetable crops - plum, cherry, etc. (20% of cultivated plants) Wheat, rye, legumes, flax, hemp, turnips, garlic, grapes, etc. (14% of cultivated plants) Cabbage, sugar beets, olives, clover (11% of cultivated plants) Durum wheat, barley, coffee tree, bananas, sorghum Corn, Cocoa, Pumpkin, Tobacco, Cotton Potatoes, tomatoes, pineapple, hindu tree. |
9. The main methods of plant breeding
1. Mass selection for cross-pollinated plants (rye, corn, sunflower). Selection results are unstable due to random cross-pollination.
2. Individual selection for self-pollinated plants (wheat, barley, peas). Offspring from one individual is homozygous and is called a clean line.
3. Inbreeding (closely related crossbreeding) is used for self-pollination of cross-pollinated plants (for example, to obtain lines of corn). Inbreeding leads to "depression", as recessive unfavorable genes turn into a homozygous state!
Aa x Aa, AA + 2Aa + aa
4. Heterosis ("vitality") - a phenomenon in which hybrid individuals in their characteristics significantly exceed their parental forms (yield increase up to 30%).
Stages of obtaining heterotic plants
1. Selection of plants that give the maximum effect of heterosis;
2. Saving lines by inbreeding;
3. Seed production by crossing two inbred lines.
Two main hypotheses explain the effect of heterosis:
Dominance hypothesis - heterosis depends on the number of dominant genes in a homozygous or heterozygous state: the more pairs of genes will have dominant genes, the greater the effect of heterosis.
The hypothesis of overdomination - a heterozygous state for one or more pairs of genes gives the hybrid superiority over its parent forms (overdomination).
Cross-pollination of self-pollinators is used to produce new varieties.
Cross-pollination of self-pollinators makes it possible to combine the properties of various varieties.
6. Polyploidy. Polyploids - plants in which there has been an increase in the chromosome set multiple of the haploid. In plants, polyploids have a greater mass of vegetative organs, have larger fruits and seeds.
Natural polyploids - wheat, potatoes, etc., varieties of polyploid buckwheat, sugar beet are derived.
The classic way to obtain polyploids is the treatment of seedlings with colchicine. Colchicine destroys the spindle division and the number of chromosomes in the cell doubles.
7. Experimental mutagenesis is based on the discovery of the effects of various radiation to produce mutations and on the use of chemical mutagens.
8. Remote hybridization - crossing plants belonging to different species. But distant hybrids are usually sterile, since meiosis is impaired.
In 1924, the Soviet scientist G.D. Karpechenko received a prolific intergeneric hybrid. He crossed the radish (2n \u003d 18 sparse chromosomes) and the cabbage (2n \u003d 18 cabbage chromosomes). The hybrid has 2n \u003d 18 chromosomes: 9 rare and 9 cabbage, but it is sterile and does not form seeds.
With the help of colchicine, G.D. Karpechenko obtained a polyploid containing 36 chromosomes; with meiosis, rare (9 + 9) chromosomes were conjugated with rare, cabbage (9 + 9) and cabbage. Fertility has been restored.
In this way, wheat-rye hybrids (triticale), wheat-wheatgrass hybrids, etc.
9. The use of somatic mutations.
Using vegetative propagation, you can save a useful somatic mutation. In addition, only with the help of vegetative propagation the properties of many varieties of fruit crops are preserved.
10 . Technological scheme for producing potato concentrate
Scientists from the Republican Unitary Enterprise "Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Food" have simplified the technological scheme for producing potato concentrate, reduced the energy consumption and the complexity of its production (patent of the Republic of Belarus for invention No. 15570, IPC (2006.01): A23L2 / 385; authors of the invention : Z. Lovkis, V. Litvyak, T. Tananayko, D. Khlimankov, A. Pushkar, L. Sergeenko; applicant and patent holder: the aforementioned RUE). The invention is intended to provide a potato concentrate used in the formulations of non-alcoholic, low alcohol and alcoholic beverages with improved organoleptic characteristics.
The proposed method for producing potato concentrate includes several stages: preparation of potato raw materials, which use fresh potatoes and (or) benign dry and mashed potato waste; its thermal and subsequent two-stage treatment with amylolytic enzymes; separation of the precipitate by filtration; concentration of the filtrate by evaporation; its acidification with one or more organic acids; subsequent temperature control.
After thermostating, water and (or) water-alcohol infusions of aromatic plants in a certain amount are added to the resulting concentrate to a final solids content of 70 ± 2%. The spectrum of these plants is wide: caraway seeds, purple coneflower, hyssop officinalis, coriander, sweet clover, oregano, immortelle, balsam tansy, peppermint, tarragon wormwood and others.
In the proposed practical work 4 types of tasks. in the first task to compare plants with their centers, the second task is to work with a contour map. the third task is to compare the centers of cultivated plants with a description of the geographical location. The fourth task is to answer in full answer to the questions posed.
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"Practical work on the topic:" Centers of origin of cultivated plants "grade 11»
Practical work on the topic:
"Centers of origin of cultivated plants" grade 11
Exercise 1. Distribute the plants in the centers (each option distributes all 48 plant names in their centers).
| 1st option South Asian tropical; Abyssinian; South American. | 2nd option East Asian; Mediterranean; Central American | 3rd option South West Asian; South American Abyssinian. |
| Plant Names: |
||
| 1) sunflower; | 17) hemp; | 44) pumpkin; |
Task 2.Work with map . On the contour map, mark all centers of origin of cultivated plants, indicate the geographical location of the centers.
Task 3.Fill the table. Compare the centers with the geographical location and cultivated plants.
| Plant centers | Geographical position | Cultivated plants |
| Abyssinian | ||
| South Asian Tropical | ||
| East Asian | ||
| South West Asian | ||
| Mediterranean | ||
| Central American | ||
| South American |
Ethiopian Highlands of Africa
South mexico
Task 4.Answer the questions with a complete and detailed answer.
1. Why are most cultivated plants vegetatively propagated?
2. Why are breeders trying to create polypoid plants?
3. What is the essence of the law of homological series in the hereditary theory of N. I. Vavilov?
4. What is the difference between domesticated and cultivated plants?
5. For what purpose are mutagens used in breeding?
ANSWERS TO PRACTICAL WORK.
Table 1. Centers of origin of cultivated plants (according to N.I. Vavilov)
| Center Name | Geographical position | Cultivated plants |
| South Asian Tropical | Tropical India, Indochina, South China, Southeast Asia | Rice, sugarcane, cucumber, eggplant, black pepper, banana, sugar palm, saga palm, breadfruit, tea, lemon, orange, mango, jute, etc. (50% of cultivated plants) |
| East Asian | Central and Eastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan | Soy, millet, buckwheat, plum, cherry, radish, mulberry, kaolin, hemp, persimmon, Chinese apples, opium poppy, rhubarb, cinnamon, olive and others (20% of cultivated plants) |
| South West Asian | Asia Minor, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Southwest India | Soft wheat, rye, flax, hemp, turnip, carrot, garlic, grapes, apricot, pear, peas, beans, melon, barley, oats, sweet cherries, spinach, basil, walnuts, etc. (14% of cultivated plants) |
| Mediterranean | Countries along the shores of the Mediterranean | Cabbage, sugar beets, olive (olive), clover, lentils, lupine, onions, mustard, rutabaga, asparagus, celery, dill, sorrel, caraway seeds and others (11% of cultivated plants) |
| Abyssinian | Ethiopian Highlands of Africa | Durum wheat, barley, coffee tree, grain sorghum, bananas, chickpeas, watermelon, castor oil plant, etc. |
| Central American | South mexico | Corn, long-fiber cotton, cocoa, pumpkin, tobacco, beans, red pepper, sunflower, sweet potato, etc. |
| South American | South America along the west coast | Potatoes, pineapple, quinine tree, cassava, tomatoes, peanuts, cocaine bush, garden strawberries, etc. |
| 1st option South Asian tropical; | 2nd option East Asian; | 3rd option South West Asian; |
| Plant Names: |
||
| 1) sunflower; | 17) hemp; | 33) peas; |
| Answers: |
||
| 1st option South Asian Tropical: | 2nd option East Asian: | 3rd option South West Asian: |
| Center Name | Geographical position | Cultivated plants |
| South Asian Tropical | Tropical India, Indochina, South China, Southeast Asia | |
| East Asian | Central and Eastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan | |
| South West Asian | Asia Minor, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Southwest India | |
| Mediterranean | Countries along the shores of the Mediterranean | |
| Abyssinian | Ethiopian Highlands of Africa | |
| Central American | South mexico | |
| South American | South America along the west coast | |