Category: Roofing

Roofing on building facades

In construction, roofing, in addition to covering the roof, also includes all types of work on building facades, in which sheet roofing steel is used, namely: preparation and hanging of drainpipes, covering all protruding parts on building facades (belts, sandriks) and window tides.

Manually manufacturing gutter elements

A drainpipe designed to drain water from the roof consists of a water intake funnel, straight parts — links, knees (connecting straight links at the points of the wall protrusions), and an ebb (mark) that drains water from the building’s wall. Parts of the drainpipe are shown in Fig. one.

The diameter of the drainpipes is determined depending on the area of \u200b\u200bthe roof, from which water flows into one pipe.

When calculating the diameter of the drainpipes per 1 m2 of the roof slope, approximately 1 to 1.5 cm2 of the cross section of the drainpipe is taken.

Production of direct links

The blank for the direct links of the drainpipes is cut from the roofing sheets, the marking of which is necessary

Production of a funnel

The water intake funnel consists of a rim (shell), a cone and a glass (Fig. 2, a).

The lower part of the funnel (glass) is made with a diameter equal to the diameter of the drainpipe and a height of 120 ... 150 mm for all types of pipes. In the funnel cone, the lower hole is always equal to the diameter of the pipe, and the upper one is 2.5 times larger. The height of the cone ranges from 1.25 to 1.5 pipe diameters.

The diameter of the rim is equal to the diameter of the upper part of the cone, and the height is 0.75 of the diameter of the pipe.

Typically, when preparing drainpipes, sheets of roofing steel are marked and cut across into two, three or four strips, depending on the diameter of the pipe. Most often pipes with a diameter of 140 and 215 mm are used.

To produce pipes with a diameter of 140 mm, the sheet is cut across into three parts, and with a diameter of 215 mm into two parts, or the link is made of whole sheets of steel, rolled up to the genuine side of the sheet.

In the manufacture of straight pipe links, the cut parts of the sheets are joined in pairs by a lying fold. Then, bending is done along the long edges of the prepared picture (in different directions) to connect these edges with a lying fold (when folding the picture into a pipe). Bending is done at one end already than at the other (with a difference of up to 4 mm), in order to obtain a diameter of one end of the pipe less than the other, which facilitates the joining of the links with each other during assembly. After this, the paintings are rolled up into a pipe and the fold is sealed.

Fig. 1. Downpipe

Fig. 2. The water intake funnel (a) and the construction of its template (b)

The construction of the template is as follows. On a sheet of steel or cardboard, a side view of the funnel is drawn on a ruler, which is built depending on the diameter of the pipe (glass). Then continue the lines of BG and AB of the cone until they intersect at point O - the top of the cone (Fig. 30, b). A sweep cone sweep pattern is drawn next to it, on which two circles are drawn from point O with a pair of compasses: one with a radius equal to OB, and the other with a radius of OB.

From an arbitrary point B lying on a large circle, the circumference of the upper solution of the cone is laid (along the circumference) using a cord and added to the folds up to 10 mm.

After steel cutting according to the prepared template, the folds are bent, the cone is rolled out on the mandrel and the folds are joined.

The beaker and rim are made in the same way as the straight pipe links. The prepared parts of the funnel are flanged with a roofing hammer and connected to each other. A wire is rolled into the upper part of the rim or a bending of the rim is made in the rim.

Harvesting knees and tides

Knee cutting is performed according to a pre-prepared template. The most common are the knees at an angle of 45 °.

The transitional elbow between the funnel and the drainpipe consists of three links 1, 2, 3 (Fig. 3, a).

The blanks of the links are cut on one sheet of roofing steel (Fig. 3, c), and first, a transition curve template is made on a piece of sheet according to the data of the oblique section of the link. Using the transition curve template and the specified seam allowances, make the marking of all three workpieces. After cutting, the workpieces are rolled out and then joined with single lying folds (Fig. 3, b). Knee elements are connected by folding.

Fig. 3. Preparation of Links of the transitional knee a - connection of the links (1-3); b - sectional folds of the knee; in - cutting links

To connect the nozzles to each other along the edges of them produce bending of the edges (sides). This operation is performed on the mandrel of the workbench (Fig. 4, a, b). Depending on the direction of water flow, a single bend (4 mm) is made in one nozzle and a double bend (7 mm) in the other.

After trying on the joints, secondary bending is done (Fig. 4, c) and finally the knee parts are connected (Fig. 4, d). Then produce a fold dump (Fig. 4).

The construction and cutting of patterns of sectional (type-setting) elbows is performed similarly to the preparation of patterns for simple elbows, and the width of the cutout of individual sections of the elbow is adopted (when making an elbow at an angle of 45 °) equal to half the diameter of the pipe divided by the number of sections.

Fig. 4. Bending the edge and connecting the knee links

Outflow (mark), which serves to drain water from the building, ends with a drainpipe below. Low tide is made and connected to the nozzle in the same way as parts of the knee. The connecting fold at the fracture is bent to the vertical part. The outer edge of the mark is cut off and flanged.

To direct water from the gutters to the funnel, a tray with a length of 300 ... 400 mm is installed, which is installed in the cutouts of the wall gutters.

Mechanized production of drainpipes

The manual manufacture of most of the elements of drainpipes (elbows, funnels, low tides) requires highly skilled roofers and is a very time-consuming operation. Therefore, in such large cities as Moscow and Leningrad, almost completely switched to the centralized production of drainpipes. Leningrad plant "Stroydetal" Glav-Leningradremstroy fully provides city construction with drainpipes of mechanized workpiece.

In the centralized production of drainpipe elements, typeset elbows and tides are not manufactured, as this operation is difficult to mechanize. In this regard, with mass centralized procurement, these elements are made corrugated (Fig. 5, a), using special stamps, which not only significantly reduces the complexity of the work, but also improves the quality of the products.

Centralized production of drainpipe elements is carried out in a special workshop equipped with milling machines, manual and driven zig-machines, and special dies for stamping pipe parts.

When manually preparing pipe parts, cutting (cutting) of sheet steel is performed using manual vibrating electric shears (see Fig. 5, e). Such scissors are usually suspended (by a hook on the body) over a roofing workbench.

The scissors consist of a housing in which an electric motor with a crank mechanism is mounted, which converts the rotational movement of the eccentric shaft into the reciprocating movement of the upper joist. At the bottom of the scissors there is a guide snail with a lower fixed knife attached to the drink. Cutting is done with the upper knife as the sheet passes through the guide snail.

Centralized harvesting of drainpipes is carried out by the flow-split method. First, steel is cut (cut) on driven press scissors but of a given size for the manufacture of individual parts of downpipes (direct link, elbow, ebb, cone and rim of the funnel, etc.), then it is fed to a stamping machine for folding the folds (to form a longitudinal seam in pipes). After that, on a rolling machine, the cut sheets of steel are rolled up into a pipe. The upper working roller of the flock has a folding device, opening which you can raise the roller and take it to the side to release the rolled sheet. Finally, a special press is used to seal (rivet) the longitudinal fold.

Fig. 5. Elements of the downpipe of the mechanized billet and funnel

Next, the pipe links are processed sequentially on zig-machines to form three transverse rollers (stiffeners) at the ends of the pipes with a simultaneous device at one end of the dents for free docking when hanging. This completes the process of procuring direct links.

Fig. 6. The technological scheme of the mechanized procurement of drainpipe elements

Corrugated elbows and ebbs are made from straight pipes. For this, the finished (rolled into a pipe) links are fed to a special stamping press, where they are processed by the method of eccentric corrugation (6 ... 7 corrugations are made in the knees, 4 in the low tide).

Cutting of the outlet at low tide is carried out on vibrating shears after corrugation.

The process of preparing the intake funnel is as follows. For the manufacture of parts of the water intake funnel (rim, cone, glass) in the cut steel sheets on the zig-machine, the edges for the folds are flanged and the funnel cone is rolled out. After this, the funnel is collected from the prepared parts with folding of the rim, cone, and glass between themselves (Fig. 33, b). The next operation is to roll the wire on the zig-machine to the upper edge of the rim of the funnel, and, finally, the last operation is to connect the funnel to the knee.

The technological scheme of the mechanized harvesting of drainpipe elements at the Stroydetal plant in Glavleningrad-system is shown in Fig. 34.

Gutters are made of steel with a sheet weight of 5 ... 6 kg. The pipe should be smooth and even, as all kinds of bumps and dents contribute to its destruction. These dents can accumulate dirt and ice. Chunks of ice collapsing along the pipe, loosen the joints of its individual links.

The use of manual and driven machines in the centralized manufacture of drainpipe elements significantly increases labor productivity in these works and improves product quality. At the same time, the cost of production is reduced by more than 50%.

Drainpipe hitch

When hanging pipes along the facade of the building in places where the walls have protruding elements (belts, cornices), it is recommended to cut through the cornice, which makes it possible to install the pipe without bending. It must be remembered that any excesses of the drainpipes cause them to become clogged and broken. In places where pipes pass through horizontal rods, cuffs made of roofing steel are installed.

A portion of the drainpipes is produced in two steps. First, stirrups (clamps) are installed, and then the elements of the drainpipes are hung.

Nests in stone walls for traffic jams under stirrups are punched with a jumper designed by G. Ya. Kogan. It is a steel rod with a cross section of 20X20 mm, a length of 180 mm. One end of the rod is pointed to a length of 50 mm and also has a square section. The opposite end ends with a brisk head in the form of a rivet-head, which is hit with a hammer during operation. A round handle 250 mm long is mounted on the shaft.

When punching the nests after two or three strong blows with a hammer on the jumper, the latter is turned by the handle to a new position and strikes again. The square cross-section of the rod helps to remove fines from the socket, so it is not necessary to remove the jumper during operation. In order to reduce the complexity of work when installing holes for stirrups, an electric drill is used.

Fig. 7. Single cradle-chair for hanging downspouts 1 - swivel console; 2 - a box for the tool; 3 - wooden seat; 4 - an emphasis for legs; 5 - fencing; 6 - sector fence

The installation of stirrups begins with the fastening of two lighthouse (upper and lower) stirrups, and the lower stirrup is placed on the wall field along the plumb line after the installation of the upper one. The remaining (intermediate) stirrups are installed between the extremes at a distance from each other of 1.3 ... 1.4 m, driving them into the wall to a depth of 120 mm. In the stone walls, stirrups are hammered into the masonry joints or strengthened on wooden corks. Stirrups should cover the pipe for more than half its circumference. Their bent ends (stag beetles) are connected with a wire tightly twisted with pliers or a beard. When using stirrups on bolts, the latter are wrapped with a wrench.

Drainpipes made of galvanized steel should be attached to the walls of the building on galvanized stirrups, and the hitch is not from top to bottom, but from bottom to top; this increases the labor productivity of roofers and improves the quality of work.

Parts of downpipes (links, elbows, funnels) during assembly are connected to the start at the joints of 70 ... 100 mm. The launch should be tight and done along the flowing water. The funnel is attached to the cornice with a soft annealed wire or to the rivet tray chute. Pipes should be 100 ... 150 mm from the wall.

Low tides should be hung at a distance of 30 ... 40 cm from the panel. In winter, a low-hanging low tide grows into the ice formed from the water flowing from the pipe, and splashes from a high-hanging low tide destroy the basement and the walls of the building.

Work on the suspension of pipes is usually carried out by a link consisting of two roofers, one of which works from the cradle, and the other is below and provides vertical movement of the cradle and the supply of pipe links. In such conditions, the one working below is usually not fully loaded. The Leningrad roofers proposed to organize the work with triples, in which the roofer, working below, serves alternately two workers in cradles. This organization of work is the most rational, as it reduces labor costs by 30%.

An improved cradle-chair (Fig. 35) made of gas pipes is used for hanging pipes. It has a wooden bench, sturdy foot rest and guard. A sector fence in the form of a roof made of roofing steel was made from above. In the upper part of the cradle there is a rotary console with a block for lifting the links of the drainpipes. A tool box is mounted on the cradle.

Inventory metal consoles design ing. D.V.Dubitsky (Fig. 36, a) for hanging cradles and lifting materials are widely used in Leningrad. They are attached without a large roof opening.

The metal console consists of two semi-trusses welded from corners with a cross section of 35X35X5 mm and gas pipes with a diameter of 19 mm. Semi-farms at the joint are interconnected by strips of strip steel 40X6 mm bolted. One end of the console is equipped with a load-lifting unit; a fastening bolt 500 mm long and 25 mm in diameter is installed on the other end of the console truss. The mass of the assembled from two parts of the cantilever truss is 75 kg, the carrying capacity is up to 250 kg, the total length of the console is 5200 mm.

The console is delivered to the object disassembled. Each semi-farm is fed separately to the roof of the building, which with its weight of 38 kg and a length of 2600 mm is not difficult. On the roof, both semi-farms are connected by nine bolts. A bolt is passed through the open roof ridge to the attic. Under the rafters, a gas pipe up to 3 m long is inserted through the eye of the bolt, which is fastened with brackets to two adjacent rafter legs. Due to the simplicity of design, such consoles can be manufactured in any construction workshop that has an electric welding machine and a lathe.

To protect the wall chute from being crushed by the cantilever truss, a wooden pillow is placed under its end near the wall of the chute.

Metal consoles are also used in the form of whole farms (rather than semi-farms), but this complicates their transportation to the roof.

Inventory console design Ing. And P. Kolodey can also be used for suspension of cradles. Its fastening is carried out without a large opening of the roof.

Fig. 8. Inventory metal consoles for suspension of cradles and lifting of materials a - design ing. A.V. Dubitsky: 1 - console; 11 general view; 1 semi-we; 2 - corner; 3 - strips; 4 - bolts; 5 - block; 6 - a fixing bolt; b - design engineer. A.P. Kolodeya; 1 - I-beam No. 10; 2 - earring; 3 - cradle block; 4 - a soft bolt; 5 - a section of a gas pipe; 6 - a metal plate; 7 - a wooden pillow; 9 - locking screw

The console (Fig. 8, b) is made of steel I-beam No. 10. An earring is attached to the hanging end of this beam, to which the cradle block is suspended. The opposite end of the beam is cut so that part of the lower flange of the I-beam is open. This shelf has a hole for the mounting bolt. Under the end of the beam located on the roof, the crest seam of the roof is opened to pass the fixing bolt. At the lower end of the mounting bolt there is a ring into which a piece of gas pipe is passed, fastened with brackets to two adjacent rafter legs. Between this end of the beam and the roof, a steel plate is laid, mounted on two wooden bars, which prevents the crested crest of the roof from being crushed.

To protect the wall gutter from being crushed by the beam, a wooden pillow is placed under its end near the wall of the gutter, which is pivotally connected to the clamp mounted on the beam. The clamp can be moved along the beam and secured in the desired place with the locking screw from the wing.

The use of inventory consoles designed by A.P. Kolodey and A.V. Dubitsky for suspension of cradles eliminates the need for a large roof opening, and thus prevents the penetration of rainwater into the attic of the building. Water flowing down the roof slope passes under the steel plate of the console, and the crests of the rebate prevent it from falling through the hole at the mounting bolt.

In the Leningrad trust Fasadremstroy, a cranked electrified tower is used for repairing and painting building facades, as well as hanging weir pipes and linear coatings (Fig. 9).

Articulated two-section towers Sh2SV-14 or Sh2SV-18 are manufactured at the Leningrad Foundry and Mechanical Plant according to the design of Ing. R. N. Ulanova. For buildings with a height of three to four floors, towers II12CB-14 are used, for buildings of five or more floors - towers Sh2SV-18.

From one object to another towers towed by car; at the object, they move using their own movement mechanism.

The tower consists of running gears and novorotnyh parts, as well as lifting devices and electrical equipment mounted on a metal frame. The turret turret has a lower support, middle turntable and upper holding part. The tower lifting device consists of two tubular trusses with hinges and lifting mechanisms.

The working cabin of the cradle is freely suspended on the forked end of the upper truss tower, two friction clamps reduce its sway.

The electrified tower is served by one worker, it can be controlled from two electric controllers, one of them is located below on the rotary part, the other - above and the cradle.

Fig. 9. Cranked electrified tower for facade work

The tower serves 8… 9 m of the front of works on the facade from one parking lot, its sectional farms easily bypass the suspension of tram and trolleybus lines, as well as balconies, bay windows, cornices and other protruding parts of buildings.

The movement of the cradle's working cabin both horizontally and vertically during operation is controlled by a worker located in the cabin using an electric remote control located in it.

Stability and immobility of the tower during the repair of facades or hanging of drainpipes is provided by jacks located in the four corners of the cart.

The use of an electrified tower significantly increases the labor productivity of roofers by hanging a drainpipe and improves the conditions for safe operation.

Weighing of drainpipes can also be done using a self-propelled aerial platform.

The most widespread at construction sites in Leningrad was the VI-23 tower mounted on the basis of the ZIL-151 or ZIL-157 car. It consists of telescopic parts (five pipes) and two winches for its lifting. The drive of the tower lifting mechanism is carried out from the car engine. The lifting capacity of the tower is 200 kg, the maximum lifting height of the working cab is 21 m.

Linear coatings on building facades

To protect against destruction, the upper part of the belts and sandriks on the facades of buildings, as well as external ebbs at the window openings, is covered with roofing steel.

The protruding parts on the facades of buildings are covered with pre-prepared sheets or paintings. During preparation, sheets of roofing steel are cut into strips of the required width equal to the width of the structure to be coated, with a margin of 100 ... 120 mm for edge bends. In length, these stripes are interconnected into paintings by a double or single lying fold.

On the sides of the sheet or picture adjacent to the masonry, edges 20 ... 40 mm wide are bent; on the opposite side, forming the overhang of the coating, the bending of the lapel tape (dropper) is performed.

Processing of the overhang (instead of the flap tape) can be done by rolling into the edge of the wire. The folding of the lapel tape or the processing of the overhang by rolling the wire is carried out similarly to the preparation of paintings for curtain rods or wall gutters.

When covering the belts and sandriks, the upper edge of the sheet or picture is laid close to the brickwork of the wall and nailed to it with 25 ... 50 mm nails after 15 ... .20 cm (Fig. 38). The otter forms a ledge of the stucco wall.

On the opposite side, an overhang of the coating is formed, which is strengthened by annealed thin wire (2 ... 3 mm), passed through two holes in the sheet and tied to its ends with nails hammered 50 cm into the wall under the overhang of the coating.

Window sills are coated in the same way as belts and sandriks, with the only difference being that the top edge of the coating is not nailed to the wall, but to the window frame.

Fig. 10. Covering belts, sandriks and window tides

A significant variety of architectural forms and sizes of protruding parts on the facades of buildings makes it difficult to pre-central (outside the construction site) processing (preparation) of roofing steel to cover them. The procurement of elements for linear coatings on the facades of buildings directly at the construction site allows them to be manufactured locally, given their size.

When machining roofing steel directly at the facility, it is necessary to use simple light fixtures or machines to mechanize the process, allowing them to be delivered freely from site to site and easily mounted on any roofing bench, such as the machine of the construction of the Leningrad roofer V. Ya. Beloborodkin.

The machine of construction V. Ya. Beloborodkin has small dimensions and weight, it is simple to assemble and allows the preparation of roofing sheets of various profiles necessary for linear coatings on building facades.

Fig. 11. Folding machine design V. Ya. Beloborodkin for the preparation of linear coatings on the facades a - General view of the machine; b - scheme of work; 1 - reference corner; 2 - pressure plate; 3 - bending corner; 4 - handle of the pressure plate; 5 - bracket bending corner

The machine (Fig. 11, a) consists of the following main parts: a reference angle with dimensions 100XY0X12 mm, length 1700 mm; pressure plate with a cross section of 12X100 mm, length 1550 mm; bending corner with dimensions 80X30XY mm, length 1700 mm.

The front face of the pressure plate is beveled at an angle of 30 ° to a width of 30 mm. A stiffener is welded to the back face of the plate at a corner with dimensions 45X45X5 mm. The pressure plate and the bending corner rotate on the semiaxes welded to them in the right and left supports attached to the support corner. The pressure plate is equipped with a removable handle, and the bending corner has a bracket.

Assembly of the machine is as follows. The support corner and the side supports are bolted to the roof bench. The pressure plate is inserted with one half shaft into the hole of the left support, and the other into the groove of the right support. A thrust sleeve is put on this axis, which is secured with a locking bolt. The bending corner with the right half-axis is inserted into the sleeve of the right support, and the left half-axis is inserted into the hole of the left support. Dismantling the machine is performed in the reverse order.

The scheme of work on edge bending machines in sheets for linear coatings is shown on the RNS. 39, b.

The use of the machine tool design V. Ya. Beloborodkina in comparison with manual work increases labor productivity by 2 ... 3 times.

The device of crowning cornices made of sheet steel

The crowning part of the building, as a rule, is made out by a cornice, often of a complex profile. Typically, cornices are pulled out according to patterns. This is one of the time-consuming operations in the manufacture of plastering works on the facade, requiring highly qualified plasterers. At the same time, the service life of such eaves is relatively short, which leads to frequent repairs, and sometimes, with an oversight, and to the collapse of the plaster. In addition, plastering work on the pulling or repair of such cornices can only be done in certain temperature and atmospheric conditions. These circumstances forced builders to look for new, most rational ways of arranging crowning cornices.

In the Glavleningradremstroi system at the Stroydetal plant, centralized manufacturing of prefabricated crowning cornices from galvanized steel roofs in the form of basins of various architectural profiles with a length of 1420 or 2000 mm has been mastered. Such metal boxes are delivered to construction sites and fixed on the facade of the building.

Steel boxes are characterized by ease of manufacture and hanging on the facades. Their use significantly reduces the cost of construction work, without compromising the quality of the architectural design of the facades. The possibility of the collapse of such eaves during the operation of buildings is excluded. Roof steel cornices can be installed at any time of the year.

Fig. 12. The design of the fastening on the facade of the building of prefabricated metal cornices a - the profile of the cornice; b - cornice mounting structure: 1 - wooden filly; 2 - rafter leg; 3 - rafter beam; 4 - board; 5 - fight

Mounting on the facade of the building of prefabricated metal cornices is carried out (Fig. 12) with the help of wooden filly, sewn with nails to the rafter leg or rafter beam. Mares are made of 50 mm thick boards, processed from the end along the cornice profile, and set at a distance of 700 mm from each other. Under the filly, a board is embedded in the wall, which is fastened to the filly by two contractions of 25 mm thick boards.

Galvanized steel metal cornices are attached to the wooden supporting structure with galvanized nails in places of vertical and horizontal joints. After installation, the cornices are painted with oil paint in the color of the facade.

When installing prefabricated eaves made of roofing steel instead of plastering, the cost of work is reduced by an average of 50%.

The installation of linear coatings on the facades of buildings (belts, sandriks, prefabricated metal cornices), as well as a hanging of drainpipes, is carried out (in the absence of scaffolding) from a mobile cranked electrified tower or aerial platform.

Roofing also includes the preparation and hanging of drainpipes and the coating of all protruding parts on the facades of buildings (belts, window tides and sandrik).

Elements of drainpipes (elbows, parts of buildings. In the Leningrad trust “Fasadremstroy”, a special fal pegibochny machine is successfully used for pre-treatment of roofing steel directly at the facility. It has small dimensions and weight, is simple to assemble and allows you to prepare roofing sheets of various profiles .

The machine consists of the following main parts: a support bracket with a length of 1700 mm, a pressure plate with a length of 1550 mm and a bending corner with a length of 1700 mm. The front edge of the pressure plate is beveled at an angle of 30 °. A corner is welded to the rear edge of the plate for rigidity.

The plate and corner rotate on the half shafts in the right and left supports welded to the corner. The pressure plate is equipped with a removable handle, and the bending corner has a bracket.

Assembly of the machine is as follows. The support corner and the side supports are bolted to the roof bench. The pressure plate is inserted with one half-axis into the hole of the left support, and the second into the groove of the right. A thrust sleeve is put on this axle shaft and secured with a locking bolt. The bending corner of the right axis, is inserted into the sleeve of the right support, and the left axis is inserted into the hole of the left support.

Instead of sheet steel, asbestos-cement plates are sometimes used instead of sheet steel to cover window sills (Fig. 13). They are laid on a bed of cement mortar and attached with screws or galvanized nails to the window box.

Fig. 13. The device window sills from asbestos-cement slabs: a - asbestos-cement slab; b - section of an aperture with a plate

  - Roofing on building facades

Sandrick  - a decorative architectural element, a small cornice, often with a pediment, above a window, door or niche. Sometimes used in the interior.

At first, sandrick served to protect windows and doors from rain. Over time, he transformed from a simple protrusion above the window into a complex structure with a pediment on which stucco compositions could be placed. Sandrick is often supported by two brackets.

Types of sandriks:

• Sandrick straight - in the form of a simple cornice
• Sandrick onion - in the form of a circle segment
• Sandrick triangular - with a triangular pediment

Write a review on Sandrick

Literature

• White E. Robertson B.  Architecture: forms, constructions, details. Illustrative reference book. - M.: AST Astrel, 2009 .-- S. 86. - 111 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-17-018511-5.
• Sandrik // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed.   A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.

Excerpt from Sandrick

“No, my soul, I myself am scared,” answered the mother. - Go on.
  “I won’t sleep anyway.” What nonsense to sleep? Mother, mother, this has never happened to me! She said in surprise and fear before the feeling that she was aware of in herself. “And could we think! ...”
  It seemed to Natasha that when she first saw Prince Andrei in Otradnoye, she fell in love with him. It seemed that she was frightened by this strange, unexpected happiness, that the one whom she had chosen back then (she was firmly convinced of this), that he had now met her again, and, it seemed, was not indifferent to her. “And he had to purposely now, when we are here, come to Petersburg. And we had to meet at this ball. All this is fate. It is clear that this is fate, that all this was led to this. Even then, as soon as I saw him, I felt something special. "
  “What else did he tell you?” What verses are these? Read ... - said the mother thoughtfully, asking about the verses that Prince Andrei wrote to Natasha’s album.
  - Mom, is it not a shame that he is a widower?

Wall gutter. Pictures of wall gutters (Fig. 143) are prepared on a workbench. Two sheets are connected by short sides with a single lying fold, which are located in the direction of water flow. On one longitudinal side of the painting, the edge is bent to connect with the paintings of the ordinary coating or to support the drain ends of piece roofing elements (Fig. 143, A - A).

The width of the edge is taken for a single lying fold, and also for covering from piece materials 13 mm, for a double lying fold 25 ... 26 mm.

Fig. 143. Double picture of the wall gutter (right)

On short sides, cuts are made with a depth of 30 mm, 200 ... 230 mm spaced from the second long edge. A flap tape is bent along this edge (Fig. 143, node I), which should be located at an angle of 60 ° to the plane of the picture. The corners of the edges under the double lying folds are cut off by 45 °. In accordance with the amount of precipitation in the construction area, the side of the gutter is bent 120 or 150 mm high.

After that, on the short sides of the picture, the edges bend under the lying folds. At the same time, take into account in which direction from the water intake funnel the gutter will be laid. If you become facing the funnel, then in the pictures of wall gutters intended for the right side of the funnel, the right bends farthest from the funnel are made up and the left bends down, in the gutters of the left side, on the contrary, so that the lying folds do not impede the flow of water.

Hanging gutter. A tray located directly below the edge of the eaves is called a hanging gutter. Most often, these gutters are semicircular and less often rectangular. The radius of curvature of the semicircular trough is 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90 mm, the square side of the rectangular trough is 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 or 180 mm; the cross section of the gutter is determined by the product of the area of \u200b\u200bthe drainpipe by a factor of 1.25.

Hanging gutters are installed with a slope of 1: 200 and less often 1: 100. They are made with links with a length of 3 ... 4 m. The cut blanks are connected into the picture with double lying folds, which are upset so that they are outside the gutter. The assembled picture is bent on a special device with a mallet. At the end of the gutters that do not attach to the funnels, plugs are placed.

Belts, sandriks, window sills and other architectural details protruding from the plane of the walls on the facades of buildings are covered with roofing steel or tile to protect them from atmospheric precipitation and to protect the walls of buildings from water leakages. Pictures for coatings are prepared from roofing steel only when the slope of the part to be coated is less than 50%. If the bias of belts, sandriks and window sills is more than 50%, they are tiled.

The coating elements of the cornice belts are prepared in the workshop on a workbench according to drawings or measurements from nature. Usually elements are made in the form of double paintings connected by a double lying fold or a single fold with a hook. Bending is done on one longitudinal edge of the workpiece for embedding in a furrow to a depth of 25 ... 30 mm. A dropper is bent at the other edge with its removal from the edge of the girdle by 50 ... 70 mm. Other sizes are determined locally.

The pictures of the belts are made of the same sheet steel. When bending, they use a mallet. If possible, the blanks are selected so wide that the sheet cut in the longitudinal direction does not have residues.

Belts, sandriks and window sills are carried out 50 ... 70 mm from the plane of the walls. Protrusions with a slope of less than 30% are covered with steel roofing. Belts, sandriks, window sills covered with roofing steel should have inclined bases with a smooth surface. This is necessary so that the coating patterns fit snugly to the base.

Steel paintings are laid on belts and sandriks on T-shaped crutches. Crutches are fixed with ruffs, which are covered with a cement-sand mortar. The paintings are lapped to 100 mm. The upper edges of the paintings are attached to wooden corks (from dry wood) in the furrows or dowels to concrete bases. Depending on the length of the girdle, sandric or window sill along a slope exceeding 30%, grooved tape or flat tape tiles are used to cover them, which is laid on the solution.

In the windowsill, picture I (Fig. 144) made of roofing steel or a tiled row is led to the lower part of window box 5 and simultaneously to both slopes of the window opening in which grooves are made. The picture is fixed on two or three crutches 4 installed in the drainage slope of the window opening. The upper edge of the picture is attached to the box frame with nails.

Fig. 144. Covering the windowsill (a, b):
  1 - a picture of sheet steel, 2 - lightweight concrete, 3 - a nail, 4 - a T-shaped crutch, 5 - a window box, 6 - a window sill

Drainpipe. The drainpipe consists of a water intake funnel, straight links, elbows and a mark. The knees serve to bypass the protrusions on the wall, the mark - to divert water from the walls of the building. The number of drainpipes on the building and their diameter depends on the area and climatic conditions. When calculating the cross section of the pipe, proceed from the condition under which 1 cm 2 of its cross section provides water drainage from an area of \u200b\u200b0.75 ... 1 m 2. The distance between the drainpipes is 12 ... 14 m and in some cases up to 18 m.

Direct links of drainpipes are made of standard steel sheets, which are cut into the same number of transverse or longitudinal strips. With a cross section of a standard sheet, links of 710 mm length are obtained, with a longitudinal section of 1420 mm. From a sheet cut across into four, three and two equal parts, respectively, blanks for links for pipes with a diameter of 100, 140 and 180 mm (with cuts) are obtained. Two blanks for links with a diameter of 100 mm are obtained from a sheet cut into two equal parts in the longitudinal direction. A link with a diameter of 216 mm and a length of 1420 mm is rolled up from a whole sheet.

Gutters are made up of single or double links. For direct links of pipes, funnels and elbows, steel with a thickness of 0.63 or 0.7 mm is used, for marks - 0.8 mm. In order for the links to fit well one into the other when assembling the pipe, the workpieces are given a slight taper. This is achieved by the fact that one side in each workpiece is narrowed by 5 ... 6 mm.

The blanks of the link with bent edges for the folded connection are manually rolled up on a mandrel bar, a steel pipe or rolled out on a roll.

At the ends of the straight links of the pipes, as well as on the cups of the funnels and in the upper part of the mark, rollers are rolled out on the zig-machine, which are stiffness zebras and at the same time limiters of the depth of one link into another. The rollers should extend 8 mm above the surface of the link.

To prepare the tray of the water intake funnel, vertical lines are drawn on the sheet at a distance of 200 mm from one another (Fig. 145, a). On the right line, the segments in, and, respectively, equal to the width of the drain part of the tray (Fig. 145, b) and the height of the rim of the funnel are laid. Similarly, on the left vertical line, segments (a +120 mm) are laid out in equal shares from the axis.

Fig. 145. Tray preparation:
   blank, b - finished tray (view from the drain side)

Having built the angles a equal to the angle of inclination of the gutter, and setting aside the segments h (the height of the gutter), spend inclined to the ends of the segments b and get the contour of the workpiece tray. The tail portion of tray A is for attaching the tray to the crate. Then leave allowances for the edges and side lapels. The right edge is bent under the tray, and the side lapels are formed from the inclined ones. In conclusion, the sides of the tray are bent at right angles.

The transition elbow is the connecting link between the funnel and the riser of the drainpipe. The elbow is made corrugated, bent on the press from the direct link of the pipe, and smooth, made of individual links.

The mark in its simplest form is made from a smooth knee, obliquely trimming one of its ends. A blank of a mark from one sheet is obtained as follows. A life-size mark is drawn - front and side views (Fig. 146, a, b). From point A with a radius AB equal to L, an arc is drawn until it intersects at point B "with the continuation of the generatrix of the link SA. At the bottom of the point lying on the axis of the mark with a radius D / 2, draw a circle and mark points A", F "on it and E ".

Fig. 146. Procurement of the mark:
  a, b - view of the mark front and side, c - blank mark

Then from point B "to the right draw a horizontal auxiliary line and point F is demolished on it, denoting it F.

From point F with a radius equal to the height of the opening B of the mark, a notch is made on the continuation of the generatrix of the link at point E and connected by a line FE. Figure B "SCEF is a straightened side view of the mark. On the circumference, the arc F" E "is divided into four equal parts and from the points of division G, 2", 3 "and E" draw auxiliary lines until they intersect with the line FE; intersection points mark 1, 2 and 3.

To draw the blank of the mark (Fig. 146, c), draw a vertical line and lower the perpendiculars SK "and FK from points C and F. Parallel to them, from points 1, 2, 3, E draw auxiliary lines intersecting the lines K", K . Further, from the point K on both sides, the segments KL and KM equal to 3.14 D / 4 and the segments KN and KO equal to 3.14 D / 2 are laid. The KL and KM segments are divided into four equal parts and perpendiculars are restored from the division points until they intersect with the horizontal auxiliary ones. Intersection points indicate 1 ", 2" 3 ", E". The LE "curve drawn through them is a curved cut line.

Advanced Search

Shaped elements, parapets, sandriks

Shaped elements, parapets, sandriks

Shaped elements are very important in the construction of structures from sandwich panels. They are used in the construction of sandwich panel interface units, they close the joints formed as a result of installation, protecting them from the effects of precipitation, and also give the structure a neat appearance.

We are pleased to offer elements of almost any shape and size (depending on the requirements of the project). The shaped elements are made of galvanized steel roofing with a polymer coating with a thickness of 0.45-1.0 mm.

In the summer, the polymer powder coating workshop operates in 2 shifts. Therefore, high-quality coloring of the shaped element can be performed in a short time.

Roof or fence parapets

Parapet is a low solid wall or a small fence for a building, terraces, balconies, promenade, bridges and other structures. Often parapets are decorated with decorative elements or plants. Typically, the roof parapet consists of the main part adjacent to it at an angle of 90 degrees of the bends and side droppers designed to drain water.

Parapet cover - a product made of various materials (polyester, zinc, pural, copper), which serves to protect the upper horizontal plane of the parapet or fence from moisture. Parapet covers are intended for covering retaining walls or walls of fences. Some caps have drippers to drain draining water. Other names for this item are common among professional builders and private users, such as the parapet ridge, the fence lids, the parapet laths, the ridge fence elements, and the pillar covers.

When are parapet covers needed?

1. If you want to decorate a fence, any fence, or a parapet made of reinforced concrete, wood, stone or brickwork, acquires completeness of its external shape if its upper part is decorated with a ridge.

2. If you want to protect the fence, the destruction of the structure from the effects of precipitation is prevented.

In the recent past, parapets were almost everywhere tiled with tiles or stone alone, which from an aesthetic point of view was not pleasing to the eye. The use of a profile and galvanized sheets with a protective coating will help to close (decorate) unnecessary gaps, as well as ennoble and protect the parapet from environmental influences. A wide color palette will add personality and a unique style to your building.

Sandrick is an architectural detail in the form of a small cornice or cornice with a pediment of various shapes (triangular, oval and complex compositions) above a window or doorway.

Belts, sandriks, low tides, cornices are parts on the facades of buildings that are covered with roofing steel or tiles to protect them from atmospheric precipitation and to protect the walls of buildings from water leakages.

Pictures for coatings are prepared from roofing steel only when the slope of the part to be coated is less than 50%. If the bias of belts, sandriks and window sills is more than 50%, they are tiled.

The coating elements of the cornice belts are prepared in the workshop on a workbench according to drawings and measurements from nature. Usually elements are made in the form of double paintings connected by a double lying fold or a single fold with a hook. On one longitudinal edge of the workpiece, bending is done to embed it in a furrow to a depth of 25-30 mm. A dropper is bent at the other edge with its removal from the edge of the girdle by 50-70 mm. Other sizes are determined locally. The pictures of the bands are made of the same sheet steel. When bending, they use a mallet. If possible, the blanks are selected so wide that the sheet cut in the longitudinal direction does not have residues.

Belts, sandriks and window sills are carried out 50-70 mm from the plane of the walls. Protrusions with a slope of less than 30% are covered with steel roofing. Belts, sandriks, window sills covered with roofing steel should have inclined bases with a smooth surface. This is necessary to ensure that the cover paintings fit snugly to the base. Steel paintings are placed on belts and sandriks on T-shaped crutches. Crutches are fixed with ruffs, which are covered with a cement-sand mortar. The paintings are lapped to 100 mm. The upper edges of the paintings are attached to wooden corks (from dry wood) in the furrows or dowels to concrete bases. Depending on the length of the girdle, sandric or window sill along a slope exceeding 30%, grooved tape or flat tape tiles are used to cover them, which is laid on the solution.

What are sandriks for?

Initially, sandriks performed a purely practical function, protecting door or window openings from rain, wind and the scorching sun.

They also perform an important aesthetic function by optically increasing the height of a window or door. Previously, they were made of various materials: stone, gypsum and metal, but now, when decorating houses, they prefer easier materials to install and operate.

High-quality foundation and protection will be the key to a strong, durable and reliable design.

From ancient times, masters adorned the walls of brick houses and buildings with various architectural details. They complicate and make it individual. The most commonly used complicated architectural parts of the wall are ceramic or:

• cornices, belts - a type of overlap - protruding masonry rows relative to the plane of previously laid bricks of the previous rows;

Cornices made of stone and brick

Brick Belts

•   (pilaster) - part of the wall masonry - vertical flat, in cross section has rectangular proportions; divides the plane of the wall, is the geometric axis of the composition;

• sandriki (sandrik) - a small cornice, a horizontal ledge above the platband of a door or window opening. Sandrik’s function is to remove rainwater from the opening, from an aesthetic point of view, to emphasize the horizontal division of the building’s facade. May have a rectangular or curved shape;

• rusty - horizontal furrows with a depth of 30-60 mm, are located through 4-8 rows; divide the facade of the house into belts to create a relief surface;

• buttresses - a rib or a vertical ledge in the masonry to strengthen the main supporting structure (usually walls on the outside of the building); perceive horizontal forces, pressure on retaining walls, spacers from arches covering the building, etc .; often the cross-section of buttresses increases to the base of the wall. Buttresses made of stone and brick are often used in the construction of buildings of the Romanesque and Gothic styles;

Brick buttresses

• half columns;
• bay windows - part of a brick wall protruding from the plane of the facade, one or several floors high. It can have a different shape, rests on a console or on its own foundation;

• frames of curved openings;

• window sills, etc.

How to perform the laying of architectural elements:

• the architectural elements are laid out simultaneously with the erection of the walls of the building;
• the details of the cornices and belts are laid out from bricks, which protrude in the form of brackets and have a stepped profile. For this, the front brick is placed on the edge or laid flat. The space between the brackets is filled with bricks (ordinary or profile) or art inserts;
• for protruding rows of cornices, belts, etc. use whole bricks regardless of brickwork. The size of the inlet of one row is not more than 1/3 of the length of the brick in each row, the total removal of the unreinforced cornice is not more than ½ of the wall thickness. For cornices with a take-out size exceeding ½ of the wall thickness, the masonry is reinforced and led on a mark not lower than M25 or prefabricated reinforced concrete elements anchored in the masonry are used;
• hewn bricks for hanging rows of architectural elements are always made of solid (ordinary) bricks, even if the masonry is made of hollow bricks, or profile (special) facing bricks are used;
• in addition to ceramic bricks and stones, concrete ceramic and stone slabs, details of natural stone and ceramics are used to design facades;
• reinforced concrete and concrete architectural details make out platbands and slopes of window and door openings. They are used for the device of belts, large cornices and decoration of facades;
• cornices with ceramic details make dressing with masonry overlap. Total removal - also not more than half the wall thickness;
• architectural details made of natural stone are used for: designing socles, platbands, slopes; device belts;
• prefabricated elements of architectural parts having a removal of more than half the thickness of the wall are fixed with anchor bolts, which are previously embedded in the masonry.